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In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study investigating the role of touch (haptic) and auditory cues in aiding structure recognition when visual presentation is missing. We hypothesize that by guiding users toward nodes in a graph structure using force fields, users will find it easier to recognize overall structure. Nine participants were asked to explore simple 3D structures containing nodes (spheres or cubes) laid out in various spatial configurations and asked to identify the nodes and draw their overall structure. Various combinations of haptic and auditory feedback were explored. Our results demonstrate that haptic cues significantly helped participants to quickly recognize nodes and structure. Surprisingly, auditory cues alone did not speed up node recognition; however, when they were combined with haptics both node identification and structure recognition significantly improved. This result demonstrates that haptic feedback plays an important role in enabling people to recall spatial layout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1279920.1279922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,15]],"date-time":"2008-05-15T18:28:05Z","timestamp":1210876085000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Using haptic cues to aid nonvisual structure recognition"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K."}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K."}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Hubbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K."}]},{"given":"Mashhuda","family":"Glencross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K."}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Aldrich F. K. and Hindle Y. 2003. Tactile graphics -- problem or solution&quest; RNIB Visability 39 25--26.]]  Aldrich F. K. and Hindle Y. 2003. Tactile graphics -- problem or solution&quest; RNIB Visability 39 25--26.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Siggraph '06: Acm Siggraph","author":"Ando H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ando , H. , Watanabe , J. , Amemiya , T. , and Nakatani , M . 2006 . Siggraph '06: Acm Siggraph 2006 . Emerging Technologies. ACM Press, New York.]] Ando, H., Watanabe, J., Amemiya, T., and Nakatani, M. 2006. Siggraph '06: Acm Siggraph 2006. Emerging Technologies. ACM Press, New York.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Displays","author":"Brown A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown , A. , Stevens , R. , and Pettifer , S . 2006. Audio representation of graphs: A quick look . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Displays 2006 .]] Brown, A., Stevens, R., and Pettifer, S. 2006. Audio representation of graphs: A quick look. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Displays 2006.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/274497.274515"},{"volume-title":"Tactile graphics. American foundation for the blind","author":"Edman P. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Edman , P. K. 1991. Tactile graphics. American foundation for the blind . New York .]] Edman, P. K. 1991. Tactile graphics. American foundation for the blind. New York.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125634"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90008-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"ICAD","author":"Mcgookin D. K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mcgookin , D. K. 2006 . Graph builder: Constructing non-visual visualizations . In ICAD 2006, London, UK.]] Mcgookin, D. K. 2006. Graph builder: Constructing non-visual visualizations. In ICAD 2006, London, UK.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026461969701500205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/506443.506589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSPA.2001.949777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Sjostrom C. 2001b. Virtual haptic search tools\u2014the white cane in a haptic computer interface. In AAATE.]]  Sjostrom C. 2001b. Virtual haptic search tools\u2014the white cane in a haptic computer interface. In AAATE.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1182475.1182477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/638249.638261"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Haptic Human-Computer Interaction. Springer-Verlag","author":"Yu W.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Yu , W. , Ramloll , R. , and Brewster , S. A . 2001. Haptic graphs for blind computer users . In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Haptic Human-Computer Interaction. Springer-Verlag , New York. 41--51.]] Yu, W., Ramloll, R., and Brewster, S. A. 2001. Haptic graphs for blind computer users. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Haptic Human-Computer Interaction. Springer-Verlag, New York. 41--51.]]"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279920.1279922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1279920.1279922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:51:52Z","timestamp":1750258312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279920.1279922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1279920.1279922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1279920.1279922","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1544-3558"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1544-3965"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-05-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}