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We describe the design and control of the hybrid system, as well as a dynamic power management (DPM)-based energy management policy that extends its operational lifetime. The FC is of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) type, operates at room temperature, and has an energy density which is 4--6 times that of a Li-ion battery. The FC cannot respond to sudden changes in the load, and so a system powered solely by the FC is not economical. An FC-Bh power source, on the other hand, can provide the high energy density of the FC and the high power density of a battery.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this work we first describe the prototype FC-Bh system that we have built. Such a prototype helps to characterize the performance of a hybrid power source, and also helps explore new energy management strategies for embedded systems powered by hybrid sources. Next we describe a Matlab\/Simulink-based FC-Bh system simulator which serves as an alternate experimental platform and that enables quick evaluation of system-level control policies. Finally, we present an optimization framework that explicitly considers the characteristics of the FC-Bh system and is aimed at minimizing the fuel consumption. This optimization framework is applied on top of a prediction-based DPM policy and is used to derive a new fuel-efficient DPM scheme. The proposed scheme demonstrates up to 32% system lifetime extension compared to a competing scheme when run on a real trace-based MPEG encoding example.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1297666.1297685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]],"date-time":"2008-02-28T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1204207353000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A fuel-cell-battery hybrid for portable embedded systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kyungsoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naehyuck","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaitali","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudheendra","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarma","family":"Vrudhula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Hydrogen Energy Congress and Exhibition (IHEC).","author":"Akbari M. 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