{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:22:23Z","timestamp":1780986143783,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comput. Entertain."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This article presents quantitative and visual methods for the analysis of the effect of music on emotion perceived in film. We discover strong, visible, and quantifiable trends in the effect of music on perceived emotion of film. We perform studies using both selected classical and composed music segments annotated with diverse emotions, paired with ambiguous film clips. We collect and analyze viewers' ratings of stress, activity, and dominance in the silent film, and film with various music soundtracks. The results are mapped onto a three-dimensional emotion space for visual and quantitative analysis. Aggregate scatter plots and center of mass results are presented using this emotion space. We find that the center of mass of the perceived emotion of film and music combined is consistently situated on a path between the center of mass of the musicalone response and that of the film-alone response. Regression analysis based on this trajectory observation results in coefficients with high R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            values (R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.675 for stress, R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.817 for activity, and R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.813 for dominance) for the first study with classical music selections, and lower R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            values (R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.199 for stress, R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.405 for activity, and R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.660 for dominance) for the second study with composed music. We conclude that continuous treatment of the two-dimensional emotion space provides a metric for comparing and assessing emotion ratings, and that spatial interpolation in this space provides a viable method for predicting the effect of music on perceived emotion of film.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1316511.1316516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,3]],"date-time":"2008-01-03T18:20:10Z","timestamp":1199384410000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Quantitative and visual analysis of the impact of music on perceived emotion of film"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rob","family":"Parke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kyriakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Music as a source of emotion in film","author":"COHEN A. J.","unstructured":"COHEN , A. J. 2001. Music as a source of emotion in film . In Music and Emotion. P. N. Juslin and J. A. Sloboda (eds.), Oxford University Press , Oxford , 249-272. COHEN, A. J. 2001. Music as a source of emotion in film. In Music and Emotion. P. N. Juslin and J. A. Sloboda (eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 249-272."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Emotionen in der Sprache: Datenbankkonzepte und Intonationstranskription","author":"GRIMM M.","unstructured":"GRIMM , M. 2005. Emotionen in der Sprache: Datenbankkonzepte und Intonationstranskription . Institut fur Nachrichtentechnik - Institut fur Automation und Robotik, Universitat Karlsruhe . GRIMM, M. 2005. Emotionen in der Sprache: Datenbankkonzepte und Intonationstranskription. Institut fur Nachrichtentechnik - Institut fur Automation und Robotik, Universitat Karlsruhe."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASRU.2005.1566530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"HURON D. 2000. Perceptual and cognitive applications in music information retrieval. ISMIR.  HURON D. 2000. Perceptual and cognitive applications in music information retrieval. ISMIR."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Cue utilization in communication of emotion in music performance: Relating performance to perception","volume":"26","author":"JUSLIN P. N.","year":"2000","unstructured":"JUSLIN , P. N. 2000 . Cue utilization in communication of emotion in music performance: Relating performance to perception . J. Experimental Psychology 26 , 1797 - 1813 . JUSLIN, P. N. 2000. Cue utilization in communication of emotion in music performance: Relating performance to perception. J. Experimental Psychology 26, 1797-1813.","journal-title":"J. Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Speech Prosody Conference (Aix-en-Provence), 423--426","author":"KEHREIN R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"KEHREIN , R. 2002 . The prosody of authentic emotions . In Proceedings of Speech Prosody Conference (Aix-en-Provence), 423--426 . KEHREIN, R. 2002. The prosody of authentic emotions. In Proceedings of Speech Prosody Conference (Aix-en-Provence), 423--426."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSA.2005.860344"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/40285417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"The Measurement of Meaning","author":"OSGOOD C. E.","unstructured":"OSGOOD , C. E. , SUCI , G. J. , AND TANNEBAUM , P.H. 1956. The Measurement of Meaning . University of Illinois Press , Urbana. OSGOOD, C. E., SUCI, G. J., AND TANNEBAUM, P.H. 1956. The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735691192002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Passionate Views: Film, Cognition, and Emotion","author":"SMITH J.","unstructured":"SMITH , J. 1999. Movie music as moving music: Emotion, cognition, and the film score . In Passionate Views: Film, Cognition, and Emotion , C. Pantiga and G. M. Smith (eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore, MD ,149-167. SMITH, J. 1999. Movie music as moving music: Emotion, cognition, and the film score. In Passionate Views: Film, Cognition, and Emotion, C. Pantiga and G. M. Smith (eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD,149-167."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal","author":"THAYER R.","unstructured":"THAYER , R. 1989. The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal . Oxford University Press , New York . THAYER, R. 1989. The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICSLP.","author":"YILDIRIM S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"YILDIRIM , S. , BULUT M. , LEE , C. M. , KAZEMZADEH , A. , BUSSO , C. , DENG , Z. , LEE , S. , AND NARAYANAN , S. 2004 . An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech . In Proceedings of ICSLP. YILDIRIM, S., BULUT M., LEE, C. M., KAZEMZADEH, A., BUSSO, C., DENG, Z., LEE, S., AND NARAYANAN, S. 2004. An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech. 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