{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:36:28Z","timestamp":1750307788084,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum-dot Cellular Automata is an emerging technology that offers significant improvements over CMOS. Recently QCA has been advocated as a technology for implementing reversible computing. However, existing tools for QCA design and evaluation have limited capabilities. This paper presents a new mechanical-based model for computing in QCA. By avoiding a full quantum-thermodynamical calculation, it offers a classical view of the principles of QCA operation and can be used in evaluating energy dissipation for reversible computing. The proposed model is mechanically based and is applicable to six-dot (neutrally charged) QCA cells for molecular implementation. The mechanical model consists of a sleeve of changing shape; four electrically charged balls are connected by a stick that rotates around an axle in the sleeve. The sleeve acts as a clocking unit, while the angular position of the stick within the changing shape of the sleeve, identifies the phase for quasi-adiabatic switching. A thermodynamic analysis of the proposed model is presented. The behaviors of various QCA basic devices and circuits are analyzed using the proposed model. It is shown that the proposed model is capable of evaluating the energy consumption for reversible computing at device and circuit levels for molecular QCA implementation. As applicable to QCA, two clocking schemes are also analyzed for energy dissipation and performance (in terms of number of clocking zones).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1324177.1324180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,8]],"date-time":"2008-02-08T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1202484736000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A model for computing and energy dissipation of molecular QCA devices and circuits"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5412.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/996566.996671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.176.0525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.441.0270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Compano R. Molenkamp L. and Paul D. J. 2003. Technology roadmap for nanoelectronics. European Commission IST Programme Future and Emerging Technologies. www.itrs.net\/Links\/2003ITRS\/LinkedFiles\/ERD\/NanoeletronicsRdmp.pdf  Compano R. Molenkamp L. and Paul D. J. 2003. Technology roadmap for nanoelectronics. European Commission IST Programme Future and Emerging Technologies. www.itrs.net\/Links\/2003ITRS\/LinkedFiles\/ERD\/NanoeletronicsRdmp.pdf"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Emerging Telecommunications Technologies Conference. 2\/1--2\/4.","author":"Dimitrov V. S.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Fermi E. 1956. Thermodynamics. Dover Publications Inc. New York NY.  Fermi E. 1956. Thermodynamics. Dover Publications Inc. New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01857727"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Non-Silicon Computation.","author":"Frost S. E.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2005.847034"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (NANO) 1, 39--42","author":"Huang J.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology 2, 533--536","author":"Huang J.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1116696.1116697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2005.858611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.53.0183"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/16\/040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.573740"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Physics and Computing, 5--13","author":"Lent C. S.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2006.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Logic-in-wire: using quantum dots to implement a microprocessor","volume":"3","author":"Niemier M. T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-007X(200101\/02)29:1<49::AID-CTA132>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/337292.337398"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Non-Silicon Computation (NSC-1). Held in Conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA).","author":"Niemier M. T.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DFTVS.2005.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5412.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2004.834169"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems","author":"Tang R.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1057661.1057688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1581350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Toth G. 2000. Correlation and coherence in quantum-dot cellular automata. Ph.D. Thesis University of Notre Dame.  Toth G. 2000. Correlation and coherence in quantum-dot cellular automata. Ph.D. Thesis University of Notre Dame."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.356375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.363455"},{"volume-title":"An International Workshop on Integrating Nanotechnologies.","author":"Walus K.","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Quantum Dots for Quantum Computing and Classical Size Effect Circuits","author":"Walus K.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2003.820815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"RAM design using quantum-dot cellular automata","volume":"2","author":"Walus K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nanotechnology Conference."}],"container-title":["ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1324177.1324180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1324177.1324180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:56:15Z","timestamp":1750254975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1324177.1324180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1324177.1324180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1324177.1324180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4832"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4840"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-01-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}