{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:52:10Z","timestamp":1767084730756,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCAS Comput. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The age of digital technology has introduced new complications into the issues of fair and private use of copyrighted material. In fact, the question of private use of another's work has been transformed from a side issue in intellectual property jurisprudence into the very center of intellectual property discussions about rights and privileges in a networked world. This paper will explore the nuanced difference between fair and private use as articulated in the US and the European Copyright Laws. Part One will explain the legal use and meaning of fair use and its justifications. We maintain that it is almost impossible to resolve the issue of the fair\/private use's legal nature, if one has not previously resolved\n            <jats:italic>copyright's<\/jats:italic>\n            legal nature. Legal resolution of such conflicts, as we shall demonstrate, follows different rules, and the messages sent to users and authors vary greatly depending on the jurisdiction. Part Two will examine the issue of Private Use as Fair Use by Design. We will look at the impact of Digital Rights Management on fair use and explore if the nature of private use as fair use has changed because we are dealing with the protection of digital content. We will show that protecting digital works by code, via various digital rights management schemes is shrinking the public domain of information and restricting private use as fair use.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1327325.1327326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,21]],"date-time":"2007-12-21T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1198248756000},"page":"11-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Private use as fair use"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"F. S.","family":"Grodzinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Bottis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionian University, Corfu, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Armstrong T. K. (2006) Digital Rights Management and the Process of Fair Use 20(1) Harvard Journal of Law &amp; Technology 49 electronic copy http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=885371 accessed April 2007  Armstrong T. K. (2006) Digital Rights Management and the Process of Fair Use 20(1) Harvard Journal of Law &amp; Technology 49 electronic copy http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=885371 accessed April 2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Burk D. L &amp; Cohen J. E. (2001) Fair Use Infrastructure For Copyright Management Systems 15(1) Harvard Journal of Law &amp; Technology electronic copy available at http:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/articles\/pdf\/15HarvJLTech041.pdf accessed October 21 2006.  Burk D. L &amp; Cohen J. E. (2001) Fair Use Infrastructure For Copyright Management Systems 15(1) Harvard Journal of Law &amp; Technology electronic copy available at http:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/articles\/pdf\/15HarvJLTech041.pdf accessed October 21 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Copyright Law Of The United States Of America And Related Laws Contained In Title 17 Of The United States Code (1976) available at http:\/\/www.Copyright.Gov\/Title17\/92chap1.html#107 Accessed April 7 2007.  Copyright Law Of The United States Of America And Related Laws Contained In Title 17 Of The United States Code (1976) available at http:\/\/www.Copyright.Gov\/Title17\/92chap1.html#107 Accessed April 7 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/641205.641231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Felten E. (2007) EMI to sell DRM-Free Music available at http:\/\/www.freedom-to-tinker.com accessed April 2007.  Felten E. (2007) EMI to sell DRM-Free Music available at http:\/\/www.freedom-to-tinker.com accessed April 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/641205.641233"},{"volume-title":"Kabel J. J. C. &amp","year":"1998","author":"Ginsburg J.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Guibault L. (2002) Copyright Limitations and Contracts An Analysis of the Contractual Overridability of limitations on Copyright Kluwer Law International.  Guibault L. (2002) Copyright Limitations and Contracts An Analysis of the Contractual Overridability of limitations on Copyright Kluwer Law International."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-006-0012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Hirtle P. Digital Preservation and Copyright 2003 available at http:\/\/fairuse.stanford.edu\/commentary_and_analysis\/2003_11_hirtle.html accessed April 7 2007. Hirtle P. Digital Preservation and Copyright 2003 available at http:\/\/fairuse.stanford.edu\/commentary_and_analysis\/2003_11_hirtle.html accessed April 7 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.thefreedictionary.com\/fair accessed April 7 2007.  http:\/\/www.thefreedictionary.com\/fair accessed April 7 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.techshout.com\/legal\/2007\/01\/introduction-of-fair-use-act-by-congress-causes-opposition-from-riaa accessed April 5 2007.  http:\/\/www.techshout.com\/legal\/2007\/01\/introduction-of-fair-use-act-by-congress-causes-opposition-from-riaa accessed April 5 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Jobs S. (2007) Thoughts on Music available at http:\/\/www.appled.com\/hotnews\/thoughtsonmusic\/ accessed March 27 2007.  Jobs S. (2007) Thoughts on Music available at http:\/\/www.appled.com\/hotnews\/thoughtsonmusic\/ accessed March 27 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Kim S. (2002) The Reinforcement of International Copyright for the Digital Age 16 Intell. Prop. J. 93.  Kim S. (2002) The Reinforcement of International Copyright for the Digital Age 16 Intell. Prop. J. 93."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Marsh A. (1984) Fair Use and New Technology: the Appropriate Standards to Apply 5 (3) Cardozo Law Review 635.  Marsh A. (1984) Fair Use and New Technology: the Appropriate Standards to Apply 5 (3) Cardozo Law Review 635."},{"volume-title":"2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management, Washington DC,","year":"2002","author":"Mulligan D. K","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Joyce C. Patry W. Leaffer M. &amp; Jaszi P. (1998) Copyright Law (4th ed.) New York: LEXIS Publishing.  Joyce C. Patry W. Leaffer M. &amp; Jaszi P. (1998) Copyright Law (4 th ed.) New York: LEXIS Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Schulman R. (1968) Fair Use and the Revision of the Copyright Act 53 Iowa L. Rev. 832  Schulman R. (1968) Fair Use and the Revision of the Copyright Act 53 Iowa L. Rev. 832"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Stallman R. (2006) Don't Let 'Intellectual Property' Twist your ethos available at http:\/\/gnu.org\/philisophy\/no-ip-ethos.html accessed October 23 2006  Stallman R. (2006) Don't Let 'Intellectual Property' Twist your ethos available at http:\/\/gnu.org\/philisophy\/no-ip-ethos.html accessed October 23 2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"D-Lib Magazine","volume":"11","author":"Tyrvainen P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"von Lohmann F. (2002) Fair Use and Digital Rights Management: Preliminary thoughts on the (Irreconcilable?) Tension between them. available at http:\/\/www.efforg\/IP\/DRM\/fair_use_and_DRM.html accessed October 23 2006.  von Lohmann F. (2002) Fair Use and Digital Rights Management: Preliminary thoughts on the (Irreconcilable?) Tension between them. available at http:\/\/www.efforg\/IP\/DRM\/fair_use_and_DRM.html accessed October 23 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"von Lohmann F. (2006) Unintended Consequences: seven years under the DMCA v. 4. available at http:\/\/www.eff.org\/IP\/DMCA\/DMCA_Unintented_v4.pdf accessed October 25 2006.  von Lohmann F. (2006) Unintended Consequences: seven years under the DMCA v. 4. available at http:\/\/www.eff.org\/IP\/DMCA\/DMCA_Unintented_v4.pdf accessed October 25 2006."}],"container-title":["ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1327325.1327326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1327325.1327326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:56:25Z","timestamp":1750254985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1327325.1327326"}},"subtitle":["is it fair?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1327325.1327326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1327325.1327326","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-2737"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0095-2737"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}