{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:10:51Z","timestamp":1763467851841,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes Project Kittyhawk, an undertaking at IBM Research to explore the construction of a next-generation platform capable of hosting many simultaneous web-scale workloads. We hypothesize that for a large class of web-scale workloads the Blue Gene\/P platform is an order of magnitude more efficient to purchase and operate than the commodity clusters in use today. Driven by scientific computing demands the Blue Gene designers pursued an aggressive system-on-a-chip methodology that led to a scalable platform composed of air-cooled racks. Each rack contains more than a thousand independent computers with highspeed interconnects inside and between racks.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We postulate that the same demands of efficiency and density apply to web-scale platforms. This project aims to develop the system software to enable Blue Gene\/P as a generic platform capable of being used by heterogeneous workloads. We describe our firmware and operating system work to provide Blue Gene\/P with generic system software, one of the results of which is the ability to run thousands of heterogeneous Linux instances connected by TCP\/IP networks over the high-speed internal interconnects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1341312.1341326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,8]],"date-time":"2008-02-08T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1202484736000},"page":"77-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Project Kittyhawk: building a global-scale computer"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Appavoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"}]},{"given":"Volkmar","family":"Uhlig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"}]},{"given":"Amos","family":"Waterland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1275517.1275518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/822074.822379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Coraid. EtherDrive Storage. http:\/\/coraid.com.  Coraid. EtherDrive Storage . http:\/\/coraid.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2007.370630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Denx Software Engineering. Das U-Boot -- the Universal Boot Loader. http:\/\/www.denx.de\/wiki\/UBoot.  Denx Software Engineering. Das U-Boot -- the Universal Boot Loader . http:\/\/www.denx.de\/wiki\/UBoot."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Dunkels A. lwIP -- A Lightweight TCP\/IP stack. http:\/\/www.sics.se\/~adam\/lwip\/.  Dunkels A. lwIP -- A Lightweight TCP\/IP stack . http:\/\/www.sics.se\/~adam\/lwip\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066116.1066118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1250662.1250665"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1974.6323581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/277044.277057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"IBM. Exploiting the Dual Floating Point Units in Blue Gene\/L. White Paper 7007511 IBM http:\/\/www-1.ibm.com\/support\/docview.wss?uid=swg27007511 June 2006.  IBM. Exploiting the Dual Floating Point Units in Blue Gene\/L. White Paper 7007511 IBM http:\/\/www-1.ibm.com\/support\/docview.wss?uid=swg27007511 June 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"IEEE. 1149.1-1990 IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture-Description. IEEE New York NY USA 1990.   IEEE. 1149.1-1990 IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture-Description . IEEE New York NY USA 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1142473.1142522"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing","year":"1988","author":"Li K. IVY","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/224056.224075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095810.1095812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"The Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). SPECjbb2005 Java Server Benchmark. http:\/\/www.spec.org\/jbb2005.  The Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). SPECjbb2005 Java Server Benchmark . http:\/\/www.spec.org\/jbb2005."},{"volume-title":"Delta","year":"2006","author":"Vise D.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1341312.1341326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1341312.1341326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:39:14Z","timestamp":1750253954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1341312.1341326"}},"subtitle":["Blue Gene\/P as a generic computing platform"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1341312.1341326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1341312.1341326","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5980"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0163-5980"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}