{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:56:24Z","timestamp":1784357784848,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCSE Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three decades of active research on the teaching of introductory programming has had limited effect on classroom practice. Although relevant research exists across several disciplines including education and cognitive science, disciplinary differences have made this material inaccessible to many computing educators. Furthermore, computer science instructors have not had access to a comprehensive survey of research in this area. This paper collects and classifies this literature, identifies important work and mediates it to computing educators and professional bodies.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We identify research that gives well-supported advice to computing academics teaching introductory programming. Limitations and areas of incomplete coverage of existing research efforts are also identified. The analysis applies publication and research quality metrics developed by a previous ITiCSE working group [74].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1345375.1345441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]],"date-time":"2008-02-28T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1204207353000},"page":"204-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["A survey of literature on the teaching of introductory programming"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Arnold","family":"Pears","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala Uni., Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Seidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni. of Central Arkansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri","family":"Malmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki Uni. of Tech., Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Mannila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5bo Akademi Uni., Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Madison Uni."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Bennedsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Uni. West, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle Uni., UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Caledonian Uni., UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs","author":"Abelson H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"H. Abelson , J. Sussman , and J. Sussman . Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs . MIT Press , 1984 . H. Abelson, J. Sussman, and J. Sussman. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. MIT Press, 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1315803.1315830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993400500150747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/563517.563395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1094855.1094917"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/6592.6593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/364447.364536"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Back to Pascal: Retro but not backwards","volume":"18","author":"Becker K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"K. Becker . Back to Pascal: Retro but not backwards . Journal of Computing in Small Colleges , 18 ( 2 ): 17 -- 27 , 2002 . K. Becker. Back to Pascal: Retro but not backwards. Journal of Computing in Small Colleges, 18(2):17--27, 2002.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Small Colleges"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/273133.274308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/971300.971461"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Karel++: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Object-Oriented Programming","author":"Bergin J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"J. Bergin , J. Roberts , R. Pattis , and M. Stehlik . Karel++: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Object-Oriented Programming . John Wiley & amp; Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1996 . J. Bergin, J. Roberts, R. Pattis, and M. Stehlik. Karel++: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Object-Oriented Programming. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/292422.292441"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121341.1121452"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0729436990180105"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Why Java is not my favorite first-course language. Software-Concepts &amp;","volume":"19","author":"B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi L.","year":"1998","unstructured":"L. B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi . Why Java is not my favorite first-course language. Software-Concepts &amp; Tools , 19 ( 3 ): 141 -- 145 , 1998 . L. B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi. Why Java is not my favorite first-course language. Software-Concepts &amp; Tools, 19(3):141--145, 1998.","journal-title":"Tools"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Jossey-Bass","author":"Boyer E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"E. Boyer . Scholarship Reconsidered : Priorities of the Professoriate . Jossey-Bass , Hillsdale, NJ , 1997 . E. Boyer. Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. Jossey-Bass, Hillsdale, NJ, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/236462.236572"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/291712.291752"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/364447.364529"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Raptor: introducing programming to non-majors with flowcharts","volume":"19","author":"Carlisle M. C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. C. Carlisle , T. A. Wilson , J. W. Humphries , and S. M. Hadfield . Raptor: introducing programming to non-majors with flowcharts . Journal of Computing in Small Colleges , 19 ( 4 ): 52 -- 60 , 2004 . M. C. Carlisle, T. A. Wilson, J. W. Humphries, and S. M. Hadfield. Raptor: introducing programming to non-majors with flowcharts. Journal of Computing in Small Colleges, 19(4):52--60, 2004.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Small Colleges"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Computing curricula 2005; the overview report 2005.  Computing curricula 2005; the overview report 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/289393.289418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th annual CCSC Northeastern Conference on Computing in Small Colleges","author":"Close R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"R. Close , D. Kopec , and J. Aman . CS1: perspectives on programming languages and the breadth-first approach . In Proceedings of the 5th annual CCSC Northeastern Conference on Computing in Small Colleges , pages 228 -- 234 . Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges , 2000 . R. Close, D. Kopec, and J. Aman. CS1: perspectives on programming languages and the breadth-first approach. In Proceedings of the 5th annual CCSC Northeastern Conference on Computing in Small Colleges, pages 228--234. Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honour of Robert Glaser, section Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the craft of reading, writing and mathematics","author":"Collins A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"A. Collins , J. Brown , and S. E. Newman . Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honour of Robert Glaser, section Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the craft of reading, writing and mathematics . Erlbaum , San Francisco , 1989 . A. Collins, J. Brown, and S. E. Newman. Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honour of Robert Glaser, section Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the craft of reading, writing and mathematics. Erlbaum, San Francisco, 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.1.3.13540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1117696.1117722"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Proceedings of Informing Science and IT Education Conference","author":"de Raadt M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"M. de Raadt , R. Watson , and M. Toleman . Language Trends in Introductory Programming . In Proceedings of Informing Science and IT Education Conference , pages 329 -- 337 . InformingScience.org , June 2002 . M. de Raadt, R. Watson, and M. Toleman. Language Trends in Introductory Programming. In Proceedings of Informing Science and IT Education Conference, pages 329--337. InformingScience.org, June 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Australasian Computing Education","author":"de Raadt M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. de Raadt , R. Watson , and M. Toleman . Introductory programming: what's happening today and will there be any students to teach tomorrow ? In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Australasian Computing Education , pages 277 -- 282 . Australian Computer Society, Inc. , 2004 . M. de Raadt, R. Watson, and M. Toleman. Introductory programming: what's happening today and will there be any students to teach tomorrow? In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Australasian Computing Education, pages 277--282. Australian Computer Society, Inc., 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/76380.76381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362929.362947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/369274.369331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1163405.1163409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2006.322660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2736(200102)38:2<137::AID-TEA1001>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029994.1029995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1007996.1008033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/138844.138847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.14.1.55.23499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2004.842924"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1189136.1189181"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"programming language options","volume":"22","author":"Giangrande E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"E. Giangrande , Jr. CS1 programming language options . Journal of Computing in Small Colleges , 22 ( 3 ): 153 -- 160 , 2007 . E. Giangrande, Jr. CS1 programming language options. Journal of Computing in Small Colleges, 22(3):153--160, 2007.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Small Colleges"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/971300.971446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345513.345233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.1996.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800183.810447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1089786.1089796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/292422.292440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028664.1028701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1163405.1163410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363235.363259"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/971300.971404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.2002.0237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/832281.834556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1148493.1148497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1163405.1163407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Program Visualization Workshop","author":"Karavirta V.","year":"2004","unstructured":"V. Karavirta , A. Korhonen , L. Malmi , and K. St\u00e5lnacke . MatrixPro - A tool for on-the-fly demonstration of data structures and algorithms . In Proceedings of the 3rd Program Visualization Workshop , pages 26 -- 33 , The University of Warwick, UK , July 2004 . V. Karavirta, A. Korhonen, L. Malmi, and K. St\u00e5lnacke. MatrixPro - A tool for on-the-fly demonstration of data structures and algorithms. In Proceedings of the 3rd Program Visualization Workshop, pages 26--33, The University of Warwick, UK, July 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1089733.1089734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/52964.52978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.4.249.17496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1232743.1232745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2004.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993400600912384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"What university teachers teach and how they teach it. Intructional Science. Special issue: Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge in Higher Education, 28((5--6)):387--412","author":"Martin E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"E. Martin , M. Prosser , K. Trigwell , P. Ramsden , and J. Benjamin . What university teachers teach and how they teach it. Intructional Science. Special issue: Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge in Higher Education, 28((5--6)):387--412 , 2000 . E. Martin, M. Prosser, K. Trigwell, P. Ramsden, and J. Benjamin. What university teachers teach and how they teach it. Intructional Science. Special issue: Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge in Higher Education, 28((5--6)):387--412, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/829500.829930"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge (2): Epistemological considerations and a conceptual framework for teaching and learning","volume":"49","author":"Meyer J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. Meyer and R. Land . Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge (2): Epistemological considerations and a conceptual framework for teaching and learning . Higher Education , 49 ( 3 ): 725 -- 734 , 2003 . J. Meyer and R. Land. Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge (2): Epistemological considerations and a conceptual framework for teaching and learning. Higher Education, 49(3):725--734, 2003.","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/126459.126471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/989863.989928"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2005.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/960568.782998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543060001065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/961511.961518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Programming","author":"Pattis R. E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"R. E. Pattis . Karel the Robot : A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Programming . John Wiley & amp; Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1981 . R. E. Pattis. Karel the Robot: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Programming. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169070.169362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1113847.1113893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/782941.782986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.1993.1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1047344.1047425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/382214.382499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121341.1121432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169070.169361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121341.1121495"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/377435.377666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/611892.611968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/990555.990598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/6592.6594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.58216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268084.268091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jpdc.1993.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.8.2.118.3818"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Challenging the computational metaphor: implications for how we think. Cybernetics &amp;","volume":"30","author":"Stein L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. Stein . Challenging the computational metaphor: implications for how we think. Cybernetics &amp; Systems , 30 ( 6 ): 473 -- 507 , 1999 . L. Stein. Challenging the computational metaphor: implications for how we think. Cybernetics &amp; Systems, 30(6):473--507, 1999.","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08886504.1998.10782243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965660.965668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-004-0007-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003548313194"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","unstructured":"P. Tymann June 2007. http:\/\/www.cs.rit.edu\/ptt\/apac06\/Life_After_CS.pdf.  P. Tymann June 2007. http:\/\/www.cs.rit.edu\/ptt\/apac06\/Life_After_CS.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/971300.971391"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1268784.1268835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"ELM-ART: An adaptive versatile system for web-based instruction","volume":"12","author":"Weber G.","year":"2001","unstructured":"G. Weber and P. Brusilovsky . ELM-ART: An adaptive versatile system for web-based instruction . International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , 12 : 351 -- 384 , 2001 . G. Weber and P. Brusilovsky. ELM-ART: An adaptive versatile system for web-based instruction. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 12:351--384, 2001.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2004.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/249094.249108"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1345375.1345441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1345375.1345441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:22:21Z","timestamp":1750278141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1345375.1345441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1345375.1345441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1345375.1345441","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1145\/1345443.1345441","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0097-8418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0097-8418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}