{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:48:53Z","timestamp":1791186533801,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Web"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Semantic annotations of web services can support the effective and efficient discovery of services, and guide their composition into workflows. At present, however, the practical utility of such annotations is limited by the small number of service annotations available for general use. Manual annotation of services is a time consuming and thus expensive task, so some means are required by which services can be automatically (or semi-automatically) annotated. In this paper, we show how information can be inferred about the semantics of operation parameters based on their connections to other (annotated) operation parameters within tried-and-tested workflows. Because the data links in the workflows do not necessarily contain every possible connection of compatible parameters, we can infer only constraints on the semantics of parameters. We show that despite their imprecise nature these so-called\n            <jats:italic>loose annotations<\/jats:italic>\n            are still of value in supporting the manual annotation task, inspecting workflows and discovering services. We also show that derived annotations for already annotated parameters are useful. By comparing existing and newly derived annotations of operation parameters, we can support the detection of errors in existing annotations, the ontology used for annotation and in workflows. The derivation mechanism has been implemented, and its practical applicability for inferring new annotations has been established through an experimental evaluation. The usefulness of the derived annotations is also demonstrated.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1346337.1346239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,6]],"date-time":"2008-05-06T14:35:04Z","timestamp":1210084504000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Automatic annotation of Web services based on workflow definitions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Khalid","family":"Belhajjame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Embury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman W.","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole A.","family":"Goble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the UK All Hands Meeting. 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A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Assam: A tool for semi-automatically annotating semantic Web services. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Semantic Web Conference","author":"He\u00df A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 258--273","author":"He\u00df A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the 18th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, MA. AAAI Press.","author":"Hull D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the 18th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference. MA. AAAI Press.","author":"Lerman K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11431053_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 350--364","author":"Lord P. W."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2004.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"McGuinness D. L. and v. Harmelen F. 2004. Owl Web ontology language overview. In W3C Recommendation.  McGuinness D. L. and v. Harmelen F. 2004. Owl Web ontology language overview. In W3C Recommendation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.920599"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-003-0101-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Mitchell T. M. 1997. Machine Learning. Mc Graw Hill.   Mitchell T. M. 1997. Machine Learning. Mc Graw Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT'00)","author":"Mitra P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2006.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30581-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/988672.988747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007780100057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Soaplab: A unified sesame door to analysis tools. In UK e-Science All Hands Meeting. National e-Science Centre. 509--513.","author":"Senger M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2003.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"3rd International Semantic Web Conference. 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