{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:02:46Z","timestamp":1771261366261,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]],"date-time":"2008-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357291","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T16:27:59Z","timestamp":1207672079000},"page":"1511-1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The effects of empathetic virtual characters on presence in narrative-centered learning environments"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Scott W.","family":"McQuiggan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605774785235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2870721.2870734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1358165042000283101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Flow: The psychology of optimal experience","author":"Csikszentmihalyi M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi , M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience . Harper and Row Publishers Inc ., New York, NY, 1990 . Csikszentmihalyi, M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper and Row Publishers Inc., New York, NY, 1990."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach","author":"Davis M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davis , M. Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach . Brown and Benchmark Publishers , Madison, WI , 1994 . Davis, M. Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Brown and Benchmark Publishers, Madison, WI, 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The Art of Dramatic Writing: Its Basis in the Creative Interpretation of Human Motives","author":"Egri L.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Egri , L. The Art of Dramatic Writing: Its Basis in the Creative Interpretation of Human Motives . Simon and Schuster , New York, NY , 1946 . Egri, L. The Art of Dramatic Writing: Its Basis in the Creative Interpretation of Human Motives. Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, 1946."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746053890242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300159240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Ickes W. Empathic Accuracy. Guilford Press New York NY 1997.  Ickes W. Empathic Accuracy. Guilford Press New York NY 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proc of the SPIE","author":"Jsselsteijn W.","year":"2000","unstructured":"I Jsselsteijn , W. , de Ridder , H. , Freeman , J. and Avons , S . Presence: Concept, determinants and measurement . In Proc of the SPIE 2000 , 520--529. IJsselsteijn, W., de Ridder, H., Freeman, J. and Avons, S. Presence: Concept, determinants and measurement. In Proc of the SPIE 2000, 520--529."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Being There: Concepts, Effects and Measurements of User Presence in Synthetic Environments.","author":"Insko B.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Insko , B. Measuring presence: Subjective, behavioral and physiological methods . In G. Riva, F. Davide, and W. IJsselsteijn (Eds.), Being There: Concepts, Effects and Measurements of User Presence in Synthetic Environments. Amsterdam : Ios Press ( 2003 ), 109--119. Insko, B. Measuring presence: Subjective, behavioral and physiological methods. In G. Riva, F. Davide, and W. IJsselsteijn (Eds.), Being There: Concepts, Effects and Measurements of User Presence in Synthetic Environments. Amsterdam: Ios Press (2003), 109--119."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"A social-cognitive framework for pedagogical agents as learning companions. Educational Technology Research &amp;","volume":"54","author":"Kim Y.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim , Y. , and Baylor , A . A social-cognitive framework for pedagogical agents as learning companions. Educational Technology Research &amp; Development , 54 , 6 ( 2006 ), 569--590. Kim, Y., and Baylor, A. A social-cognitive framework for pedagogical agents as learning companions. Educational Technology Research &amp; Development, 54, 6 (2006), 569--590.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1993.2.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"R. J. Sternberg and L. F. Zhang (Eds), Perspectives on Thinking, Learning, and Cognitive Styles.","author":"Kolb D. A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kolb , D. A. , Boyatzis , R. E. , and Mainemelis , C . Experiential learning theory: Previous research and new directions . In R. J. Sternberg and L. F. Zhang (Eds), Perspectives on Thinking, Learning, and Cognitive Styles. Mahwah, NJ : Prentice Hall ( 2000 ), 227--247. Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., and Mainemelis, C. Experiential learning theory: Previous research and new directions. In R. J. Sternberg and L. F. Zhang (Eds), Perspectives on Thinking, Learning, and Cognitive Styles. Mahwah, NJ: Prentice Hall (2000), 227--247."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"At the heart of it all: The concept of presence","volume":"3","author":"Lombard M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lombard , M. , and Ditton , T . At the heart of it all: The concept of presence . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. 3 , 2 ( 1997 ). Lombard, M., and Ditton, T. At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. 3, 2 (1997).","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Mediated Communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning","author":"Malone T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Malone , T. , and Lepper , M . Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning . In Snow, R., and Farr, M. (Eds.), Aptitude, learning, and instruction: III. Conative and affective process analyses (pp. 223 -- 253 ). Erlbaum , Hillsdale, NJ, 1987 . Malone, T., and Lepper, M. Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In Snow, R., and Farr, M. (Eds.), Aptitude, learning, and instruction: III. Conative and affective process analyses (pp. 223--253). Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1160633.1160806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proc. of AAMAS","author":"McQuiggan S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"McQuiggan , S. , Robison , J. , Phillips , R. , and Lester , J . Modeling parallel and reactive empathy in virtual agents: An inductive approach . Proc. of AAMAS 2008 , to appear. McQuiggan, S., Robison, J., Phillips, R., and Lester, J. Modeling parallel and reactive empathy in virtual agents: An inductive approach. Proc. of AAMAS 2008, to appear."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/288759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1018409.1018754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.4.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510590910174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/267658.267664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"2007 AAAI Symposium on Intelligent Narrative Technologies.","author":"Rowe J.","unstructured":"Rowe , J. , McQuiggan , S. , and Lester , J . Narrative presence in intelligent learning environments . In 2007 AAAI Symposium on Intelligent Narrative Technologies. Rowe, J., McQuiggan, S., and Lester, J. Narrative presence in intelligent learning environments. In 2007 AAAI Symposium on Intelligent Narrative Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0266-4909.2003.00020.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0563-3_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","first-page":"96","volume":"27","author":"Swartout W.","unstructured":"Swartout , W. , Gratch , J. , Hill , R. , Hovy , E. , Marsella , S. , Rickel , J. , &amp; Traum , D . Toward Virtual Humans. AI Magazine , 27 , 2 ( 2006), 96 -- 108 . Swartout, W., Gratch, J., Hill, R., Hovy, E., Marsella, S., Rickel, J., &amp; Traum, D. Toward Virtual Humans. AI Magazine, 27, 2 ( 2006), 96--108.","journal-title":"Toward Virtual Humans. AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proc of Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science at CogSci 2005","author":"Vinayagamoorthy V.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vinayagamoorthy , V. , Steed , A. and Slater , M . Building Characters: Lessons Drawn from Virtual Environments . Proc of Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science at CogSci 2005 , ( 2005 ), 119--126. Vinayagamoorthy, V., Steed, A. and Slater, M. Building Characters: Lessons Drawn from Virtual Environments. Proc of Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science at CogSci 2005, (2005), 119--126."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Waterworth E.L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Waterworth , E.L. , and Waterworth , J. A . Presence and Absence in Educational VR: The Role of Perceptual Seduction in Conceptual Learning. Themes in Education , 1 , 1 , ( 2000 ), 7--38. Waterworth, E.L., and Waterworth, J. A. Presence and Absence in Educational VR: The Role of Perceptual Seduction in Conceptual Learning. Themes in Education, 1, 1, (2000), 7--38.","journal-title":"Themes in Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Heinnemann","author":"Wells C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wells , C. The meaning makers: Children learning language and using language to learn . Heinnemann , Portsmouth, NH , 1986 . Wells, C. The meaning makers: Children learning language and using language to learn. Heinnemann, Portsmouth, NH, 1986."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74997-4_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240861"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '08: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Florence Italy","acronym":"CHI '08","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1357054.1357291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1357054.1357291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:39:23Z","timestamp":1750253963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1357054.1357291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1357054.1357291","10.1145\/1357054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1357054.1357291","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}