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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Recent experimental studies have shown that wireless links in real sensor networks can be extremely unreliable, deviating to a large extent from the idealized perfect-reception-within-range models used in common network simulation tools. Previously proposed geographic routing protocols commonly employ a maximum-distance greedy forwarding technique that works well in ideal conditions. However, such a forwarding technique performs poorly in realistic conditions as it tends to forward packets on lossy links. Based on a recently developed link loss model, we study the performance of a wide array of forwarding strategies, via analysis, extensive simulations and a set of experiments on motes. We find that the product of the packet reception rate and the distance improvement towards destination (\n            <jats:italic>PRR<\/jats:italic>\n            \u00d7\n            <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n            ) is a highly suitable metric for geographic forwarding in realistic environments.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1362542.1362543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,3]],"date-time":"2008-06-03T15:11:43Z","timestamp":1212505903000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Efficient geographic routing over lossy links in wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Marco Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","family":"Zamalloa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Seada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nokia Research Center, Palo Alto"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Krishnamachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012319418150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.864017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"SCALE: A tool for simple connectivity assessment in lossy environments. 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Cooperative communication and routing over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Networks, Communications and Mobile Computing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.985982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-005-1766-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015467.1015483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Routing and addressing problems in large: metropolitan-scale internetworks. Tech. rep","author":"Finn G.","unstructured":"Finn , G. 1987. Routing and addressing problems in large: metropolitan-scale internetworks. Tech. rep ., Information Science Institute , University of Southern California. Finn, G. 1987. Routing and addressing problems in large: metropolitan-scale internetworks. 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The mistaken axioms of wireless-network research. Tech. rep. TR2003-467, Computer Science, Dartmouth College, ACM, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/778415.778447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1062689.1062720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd Annual Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECONIOS). 229--239","author":"Li C.","unstructured":"Li , C. , Hsu , W. , Krishnamachari , B. , and Helmy , A . 2005. A local metric for geographic routing with power control in wireless networks . In Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd Annual Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECONIOS). 229--239 . Li, C., Hsu, W., Krishnamachari, B., and Helmy, A. 2005. A local metric for geographic routing with power control in wireless networks. 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