{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:21:10Z","timestamp":1780561270214,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bigtable is a distributed storage system for managing structured data that is designed to scale to a very large size: petabytes of data across thousands of commodity servers. Many projects at Google store data in Bigtable, including web indexing, Google Earth, and Google Finance. These applications place very different demands on Bigtable, both in terms of data size (from URLs to web pages to satellite imagery) and latency requirements (from backend bulk processing to real-time data serving). Despite these varied demands, Bigtable has successfully provided a flexible, high-performance solution for all of these Google products. In this article, we describe the simple data model provided by Bigtable, which gives clients dynamic control over data layout and format, and we describe the design and implementation of Bigtable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1365815.1365816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,17]],"date-time":"2008-06-17T13:45:28Z","timestamp":1213710328000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2149,"title":["Bigtable"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fay","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Ghemawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson C.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Wallach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tushar","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Fikes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1142473.1142548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Ailamaki A. DeWitt D. J. Hill M. D. and Skounakis M. 2001. Weaving relations for cache performance. The VLDB J. 169--180. Ailamaki A. DeWitt D. J. Hill M. D. and Skounakis M. 2001. Weaving relations for cache performance. The VLDB J. 169--180."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 45--58","author":"Banga G.","unstructured":"Banga , G. , Druschel , P. , and Mogul , J. C . 1999. Resource containers: A new facility for resource management in server systems . In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 45--58 . Banga, G., Druschel, P., and Mogul, J. C. 1999. Resource containers: A new facility for resource management in server systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 45--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.342.0292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. 253--266","author":"Bavier A.","unstructured":"Bavier , A. , Bowman , M. , Chun , B. , Culler , D. , Karlin , S. , Peterson , L. , Roscoe , T. , Spalink , T. , and Wawrzoniak , M . 2004. Operating system support for planetary-scale network services . In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. 253--266 . Bavier, A., Bowman, M., Chun, B., Culler, D., Karlin, S., Peterson, L., Roscoe, T., Spalink, T., and Wawrzoniak, M. 2004. Operating system support for planetary-scale network services. In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. 253--266."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/789086.789698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362686.362692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 335--350","author":"Burrows M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burrows , M. 2006 . The Chubby lock service for loosely-coupled distributed systems . In Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 335--350 . Burrows, M. 2006. The Chubby lock service for loosely-coupled distributed systems. In Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 335--350."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1281100.1281103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 205--218","author":"Chang F.","unstructured":"Chang , F. , Dean , J. , Ghemawat , S. , Hsieh , W. C. , Wallach , D. A. , Burrows , M. , Chandra , T. , Fikes , A. , and Gruber , R. E . 2006. Bigtable: A distributed storage system for structured data . In Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 205--218 . Chang, F., Dean, J., Ghemawat, S., Hsieh, W. C., Wallach, D. A., Burrows, M., Chandra, T., Fikes, A., and Gruber, R. E. 2006. Bigtable: A distributed storage system for structured data. In Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 205--218."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356770.356776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/50202.50213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 137--150","author":"Dean J.","unstructured":"Dean , J. and Ghemawat , S . 2004. MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters . In Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 137--150 . Dean, J. and Ghemawat, S. 2004. MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters. In Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 137--150."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/602259.602261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/129888.129894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223784.223871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Varieties of concurrency control in IMS\/VS fast path","volume":"8","author":"Gawlick D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gawlick , D. and Kinkade , D. 1985 . Varieties of concurrency control in IMS\/VS fast path . Datab. Eng. Bull. 8 , 2, 3 -- 10 . Gawlick, D. and Kinkade, D. 1985. Varieties of concurrency control in IMS\/VS fast path. Datab. Eng. Bull. 8, 2, 3--10.","journal-title":"Datab. Eng. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/945445.945450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Operating Systems --- An Advanced Course","author":"Gray J.","unstructured":"Gray , J. 1978. Notes on database operating systems . In Operating Systems --- An Advanced Course . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , vol. 60 . Springer-Verlag , ACM , New York. Gray, J. 1978. Notes on database operating systems. In Operating Systems --- An Advanced Course. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 60. Springer-Verlag, ACM, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/304182.304242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/41457.37518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/168619.168622"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"kx.com. kx.com\/products\/database.php. Product page. kx.com . kx.com\/products\/database.php. Product page."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 105--120","author":"MacCormick J.","unstructured":"MacCormick , J. , Murphy , N. , Najork , M. , Thekkath , C. A. , and Zhou , L . 2004. Boxwood: Abstractions as the foundation for storage infrastructure . In Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 105--120 . MacCormick, J., Murphy, N., Najork, M., Thekkath, C. A., and Zhou, L. 2004. Boxwood: Abstractions as the foundation for storage infrastructure. In Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 105--120."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/367177.367199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002360050048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"oracle.com. www.oracle.com\/technology\/products\/database\/clustering\/index.html. Product page. oracle.com . www.oracle.com\/technology\/products\/database\/clustering\/index.html. Product page."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Interpreting the data: Parallel analysis with Sawzall","volume":"13","author":"Pike R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pike , R. , Dorward , S. , Griesemer , R. , and Quinlan , S. 2005 . Interpreting the data: Parallel analysis with Sawzall . Scientific Programming Journal 13 , 4, 227 -- 298 . Pike, R., Dorward, S., Griesemer, R., and Quinlan, S. 2005. Interpreting the data: Parallel analysis with Sawzall. Scientific Programming Journal 13, 4, 227--298.","journal-title":"Scientific Programming Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383059.383072"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Middleware","author":"Rowstron A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rowstron , A. and Druschel , P . 2001. Pastry: Scalable, distributed object location and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems . In Proceedings of Middleware 2001 . 329--350. Rowstron, A. and Druschel, P. 2001. Pastry: Scalable, distributed object location and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of Middleware 2001. 329--350."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"sensage.com. sensage.com\/products-sensage.htm. Product page. sensage.com . sensage.com\/products-sensage.htm. Product page."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383059.383071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The case for shared nothing","volume":"9","author":"Stonebraker M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stonebraker , M. 1986 . The case for shared nothing . Datab. Eng. Bull. 9 , 1 (Mar.), 4--9. Stonebraker, M. 1986. The case for shared nothing. Datab. Eng. Bull. 9, 1 (Mar.), 4--9.","journal-title":"Datab. Eng. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. ACM","author":"Stonebraker M.","unstructured":"Stonebraker , M. , Abadi , D. J. , Batkin , A. , Chen , X. , Cherniack , M. , Ferreira , M. , Lau , E. , Lin , A. , Madden , S. , O'Neil , E. , O'Neil , P. , Rasin , A. , Tran , N. , and Zdonik , S . 2005. C-Store: A column-oriented DBMS . In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. ACM , New York, 553--564. Stonebraker, M., Abadi, D. J., Batkin, A., Chen, X., Cherniack, M., Ferreira, M., Lau, E., Lin, A., Madden, S., O'Neil, E., O'Neil, P., Rasin, A., Tran, N., and Zdonik, S. 2005. C-Store: A column-oriented DBMS. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. ACM, New York, 553--564."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Mariposa: A new architecture for distributed data. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Engineering","author":"Stonebraker M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stonebraker , M. , Aoki , P. M. , Devine , R. , Litwin , W. , and Olson , M. A . 1994 . Mariposa: A new architecture for distributed data. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Engineering . IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA , 54--65. Stonebraker, M., Aoki, P. M., Devine, R., Litwin, W., and Olson, M. A. 1994. Mariposa: A new architecture for distributed data. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 54--65."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"sybase.com. www.sybase.com\/products\/databaseservers\/sybaseiq. Product page. sybase.com . www.sybase.com\/products\/databaseservers\/sybaseiq. Product page."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Tapestry: An infrastructure for fault-tolerant wide-area location and routing. Tech. Rep. UCB\/CSD-01-1141, CS Division","author":"Zhao B. Y.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhao , B. Y. , Kubiatowicz , J. , and Joseph , A. D . 2001 . Tapestry: An infrastructure for fault-tolerant wide-area location and routing. Tech. Rep. UCB\/CSD-01-1141, CS Division , University of California , Berkeley. Apr. Zhao, B. Y., Kubiatowicz, J., and Joseph, A. D. 2001. Tapestry: An infrastructure for fault-tolerant wide-area location and routing. Tech. Rep. UCB\/CSD-01-1141, CS Division, University of California, Berkeley. Apr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"MonetDB\/X100 --- A DBMS in the CPU cache","volume":"28","author":"Zukowski M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zukowski , M. , Boncz , P. A. , Nes , N. , and Heman , S. 2005 . MonetDB\/X100 --- A DBMS in the CPU cache . IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 28 , 2, 17 -- 22 . Zukowski, M., Boncz, P. A., Nes, N., and Heman, S. 2005. MonetDB\/X100 --- A DBMS in the CPU cache. IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 28, 2, 17--22.","journal-title":"IEEE Data Eng. Bull."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1365815.1365816","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1365815.1365816","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:57:39Z","timestamp":1750255059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1365815.1365816"}},"subtitle":["A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1365815.1365816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1365815.1365816","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-2071","1557-7333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0734-2071","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7333","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}