{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:01:05Z","timestamp":1791478865763,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,11]],"date-time":"2008-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1210464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8712888415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8712888415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-0133589CCR-0310493CNS-0614784CCF-0621463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-0133589CCR-0310493CNS-0614784CCF-0621463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004314","name":"Hewlett-Packard Development Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8712888415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8712888415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000144","name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-0133589CCR-0310493CNS-0614784CCF-0621463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-0133589CCR-0310493CNS-0614784CCF-0621463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000143","name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-0133589CCR-0310493CNS-0614784CCF-0621463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-0133589CCR-0310493CNS-0614784CCF-0621463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Benchmarking is critical when evaluating performance, but is especially difficult for file and storage systems. Complex interactions between I\/O devices, caches, kernel daemons, and other OS components result in behavior that is rather difficult to analyze. Moreover, systems have different features and optimizations, so no single benchmark is always suitable. The large variety of workloads that these systems experience in the real world also adds to this difficulty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this article we survey 415 file system and storage benchmarks from 106 recent papers. We found that most popular benchmarks are flawed and many research papers do not provide a clear indication of true performance. We provide guidelines that we hope will improve future performance evaluations. To show how some widely used benchmarks can conceal or overemphasize overheads, we conducted a set of experiments. As a specific example, slowing down read operations on ext2 by a factor of 32 resulted in only a 2--5% wall-clock slowdown in a popular compile benchmark. Finally, we discuss future work to improve file system and storage benchmarking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1367829.1367831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,28]],"date-time":"2008-05-28T08:21:21Z","timestamp":1211962881000},"page":"1-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["A nine year study of file system and storage benchmarking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Avishay","family":"Traeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erez","family":"Zadok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Joukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles P.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies","author":"Abd-El-Malek M., II, W. V. C.","unstructured":"&ast; Abd-El-Malek , M., II, W. V. C. , Cranor , C. , Ganger , G. , Hendricks , J. , Klosterman , A. J. , Mesnier , M. , Prasad , M. , Salmon , B. , Sambasivan , R. R. , Sinnamohideen , S. , Strunk , J. D. , Thereska , E. , Wachs , M. , and Wylie , J. J . 2005.Ursa Minor: Versatile cluster-based storage . In Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies , San Francisco, CA, 59--72. &ast;Abd-El-Malek, M., II, W. V. C., Cranor, C., Ganger, G., Hendricks, J., Klosterman, A. J., Mesnier, M., Prasad, M., Salmon, B., Sambasivan, R. R., Sinnamohideen, S., Strunk, J. D., Thereska, E., Wachs, M., and Wylie, J. J. 2005.Ursa Minor: Versatile cluster-based storage. In Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, San Francisco, CA, 59--72."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies","author":"Agrawal N.","unstructured":"Agrawal , N. , Bolosky , W. J. , Douceur , J. R. , and Lorch , J. R . 2007. A five-year study of file-system metadata . In Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies , San Jose, CA, 31--45. Agrawal, N., Bolosky, W. J., Douceur, J. R., and Lorch, J. R. 2007. A five-year study of file-system metadata. 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E. , Arpaci-Dusseau , A. C. , and Arpaci-Dusseau , R. H . 2002. Bridging the information gap in storage protocol stacks . In Proceedings of the Annual USENIX Technical Conference , Monterey, CA, 177--190. &ast;Denehy, T. E., Arpaci-Dusseau, A. C., and Arpaci-Dusseau, R. H. 2002. Bridging the information gap in storage protocol stacks. In Proceedings of the Annual USENIX Technical Conference, Monterey, CA, 177--190."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies","author":"Denehy T. E.","unstructured":"&ast; Denehy , T. E. , Arpaci-Dusseau , A. C. , and Arpaci-Dusseau , R. H . 2005. Journal-guided resynchronization for software RAID . In Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies , San Francisco, CA, 87--100. &ast;Denehy, T. E., Arpaci-Dusseau, A. C., and Arpaci-Dusseau, R. H. 2005. Journal-guided resynchronization for software RAID. 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