{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:37:10Z","timestamp":1750307830112,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The susceptibility of wireless portable devices to electromagnetic (EM) attacks is largely unknown. If analysis of electromagnetic (EM) waves emanating from the wireless device during a cryptographic computation do leak sufficient information, it may be possible for an attacker to reconstruct the secret key. Possession of the secret cryptographic key would render all future wireless communications insecure and cause further potential problems, such as identity theft. Despite the complexities of a PDA wireless device, such as operating system events, interrupts, cache misses, and other interfering events, this article demonstrates that, for the first time, repeatable EM differential attacks are possible. The proposed differential analysis methodology involves precharacterization of the PDA device (thresholding and pattern recognition), and a new frequency-based differential analysis. Unlike previous research, the new methodology does not require perfect alignment of EM frames and is repeatable in the presence of a complex embedded system (including cache misses, operating system events, etc), thus supporting attacks on real embedded systems. This research is important for future wireless embedded systems, which will increasingly demand higher levels of security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1376804.1376812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,5]],"date-time":"2008-08-05T13:35:10Z","timestamp":1217943310000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["EM analysis of a wireless Java-based PDA"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Catherine H.","family":"Gebotys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Agrawal D. Archambeauit B. Rao J. R. and Rohatgi P. 2001. The EM side-channel(s): Attacks and assessment methodologies. http:\/\/www.research.ibm.com\/intsec\/emf.html.]]  Agrawal D. Archambeauit B. Rao J. R. and Rohatgi P. 2001. The EM side-channel(s): Attacks and assessment methodologies. http:\/\/www.research.ibm.com\/intsec\/emf.html.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal D. Archambeauit B. Rao J. R. and \n      \n      \n      Rohatgi P\n      \n  \n  . \n  2002\n  . The EM side-channel(s). In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES'02) Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. \n  2523 Springer-Verlag Berlin. 29--45.]]   Agrawal D. Archambeauit B. Rao J. R. and Rohatgi P. 2002. The EM side-channel(s). In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES'02) Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 2523 Springer-Verlag Berlin. 29--45.]]","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36400-5_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Advances in side-channel cryptanalysis EM analysis and template attacks","volume":"6","author":"Agrawal D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"RSA Cryptobytes"},{"volume":"1666","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO'99)","author":"Chari S.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1"},{"volume":"2162","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Gandolfi K.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Gladman B. 2003. A specification for Rijndael the AES algorithm. fp.gladman.plus.com\/cryptography.technology\/rijndael\/aes.spec.311.pdf 18--19.]]  Gladman B. 2003. A specification for Rijndael the AES algorithm. fp.gladman.plus.com\/cryptography.technology\/rijndael\/aes.spec.311.pdf 18--19.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES'02)","volume":"2523","author":"Golic J.","year":"2002"},{"volume":"1717","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES). Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Goubin L.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"volume":"2288","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (ICISC). Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Itoh K.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"1109","author":"Kocher P.","year":"1996"},{"volume":"1666","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology (Crypto'99)","author":"Kocher P.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES)","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Messerges T.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"1978","author":"Messerges T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Oren. Y. and Shamir A. 2006. Power analysis of RFID tags. http:\/\/www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il\/~yossio\/rfid.]]  Oren. Y. and Shamir A. 2006. Power analysis of RFID tags. http:\/\/www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il\/~yossio\/rfid.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Quisquater J.-J. and Samyde D. 2000. A new tool for non-intrusive analysis of smartcards based on EM emissions. Eurocrypt Rump Session.]]  Quisquater J.-J. and Samyde D. 2000. A new tool for non-intrusive analysis of smartcards based on EM emissions. Eurocrypt Rump Session.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/581199.581243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Rohatgi P. Agrawal D. Archambeauit B. Chari S. and Rao J. R. 2003b. Power EM and all that: Is your crypto device really secure&quest; The 7th Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC'03). Waterloo Ontario. http:\/\/www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca\/Conferences\/2003\/ecc2003\/rohatgi.ppt.]]  Rohatgi P. Agrawal D. Archambeauit B. Chari S. and Rao J. R. 2003b. Power EM and all that: Is your crypto device really secure&quest; The 7th Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC'03). Waterloo Ontario. http:\/\/www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca\/Conferences\/2003\/ecc2003\/rohatgi.ppt.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waddle J.\n     and \n      \n      \n      Wagner D\n      \n  \n  . \n  2004\n  . Towards efficient second-order power analysis. In Proceedings of CHES Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. \n  3156 Springer-Verlag New York. 1--15.]]  Waddle J. and Wagner D. 2004. Towards efficient second-order power analysis. 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