{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T15:18:59Z","timestamp":1760887139096,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]],"date-time":"1992-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":702086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we consider time scale decomposition as well as spatial decomposition to induce massive parallelism and reduce overhead in distributed discrete-event simulations. We confine our study to the Time Warp strategy and to systems where the durations of activities differ by several orders of magnitude (i.e., systems with fast and slow activities). We show that, for such systems, a large overhead due to rollbacks is encountered when spatial decomposition is used. Moreover, performance degrades as the difference increases between the rates of fast and slow events.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Several initial experiments using queueing-network models were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of time scale decomposition in increasing the parallelism and reducing the overhead. These experiments  were conducted on a distributed simulation testbed that was implemented on an 18-processor Multimax 320. The application of the above simulation techniques to stochastic Petri net models is illustrated using an example of performability analysis of a fault-tolerant distributed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/137926.137959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1027769326000},"page":"158-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Time warp simulation using time scale decomposition"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hany H.","family":"Ammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Su","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.24734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Proceedzngs of the 1991 IEEE Internatzonal Symposzum on Ctrcuits and Systems","author":"AMMAR H. H.","year":"1991"},{"volume-title":"Univ. of Southern California","year":"1986","author":"BERRY O.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"BLUM A. DONATIELLO L. HEIDELBERGER P. LAVENBERG S. S. AND MACNAIR E.A. Experiments with decomposition of extended queueing network models In Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling Techntques and Tools for Performance Analys~s. Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automat~que Paris 1984.  BLUM A. DONATIELLO L. HEIDELBERGER P. LAVENBERG S. S. AND MACNAIR E.A. Experiments with decomposition of extended queueing network models In Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling Techntques and Tools for Performance Analys~s. Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automat~que Paris 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation (Mar.","volume":"21","author":"CHAND~ K. M.","year":"1989"},{"volume-title":"Academic Press","year":"1977","author":"COURTOIS P.J.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume":"6","author":"COURTOIS P. J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. SAC-4"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing","year":"1988","author":"FUJIMOTO R. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_2"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1990 SIGMETRICS Conference (Boulder, Colo.","year":"1990","author":"GREENBERG A. G.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3916.3988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/29497.29499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"TRIVEDI K.S. Probability and Statistzcs with Reliabihty Queuing and Computer Science Applications. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N.J. 1982.   TRIVEDI K.S. Probability and Statistzcs with Reliabihty Queuing and Computer Science Applications. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N.J. 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Performance '83","author":"LAVENBERG S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/116890.116912"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Performance '84","author":"MITRA D.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NICOL D.M. Analysis of synchronization in massively parallel discrete-event simulations. Submitted to 1990 StGPLAN. 10.1145\/99164.99174   NICOL D.M. Analysis of synchronization in massively parallel discrete-event simulations. Submitted to 1990 StGPLAN. 10.1145\/99164.99174","DOI":"10.1145\/99163.99174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume":"2","author":"RANDELL","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-J"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1989 Winter Simulation Conference","year":"1989","author":"REIHER P.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (Jan.","volume":"23","author":"REIHER P.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","unstructured":"loss H.S. Stochastic Processes. Wiley New York 1983.  loss H.S. Stochastic Processes. Wiley New York 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"SAUER C. H. AND CiclANDY K.M. Computer Systems Performance Modelmg. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N.J. 1981.  SAUER C. H. AND CiclANDY K.M. Computer Systems Performance Modelmg. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N.J. 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SHIN K. G. AND LEE Y.-H. Evaluation of error recovery blocks used for cooperating processes. IEEE Traus. Softw. Eng. SE-IO 6 (Nov. 1984).  SHIN K. G. AND LEE Y.-H. Evaluation of error recovery blocks used for cooperating processes. IEEE Traus. Softw. Eng. SE-IO 6 (Nov. 1984).","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"29","author":"SIMON H. A.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1989 SIGMETRICS Conference","author":"WAGNER D. 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