{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1752360822580,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Queue"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computing is free. The world\u2019s most powerful computer is free (SETI@Home is a 54-teraflop machine). Google freely provides a trillion searches per year to the world\u2019s largest online database (two petabytes). Hotmail freely carries a trillion e-mail messages per year. Amazon.com offers a free book-search tool. Many sites offer free news and other free content. Movies, sports events, concerts, and entertainment are freely available via television.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1394127.1394131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,29]],"date-time":"2008-07-29T13:22:19Z","timestamp":1217337739000},"page":"63-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Distributed Computing Economics"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jim","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"This article makes broad statements about the economics of computing. The numbers are fluid (costs change every day). They are approximate to within a factor of 3. For this specific fact: SETI@Home averaged 54 teraflops (floating-point operations\/second) on 1\/26\/2003 handily beating the sum of the combined peak performance of the top four of the Top500 supercomputers registered at http:\/\/www.top500.org\/ on that day.  This article makes broad statements about the economics of computing. The numbers are fluid (costs change every day). They are approximate to within a factor of 3. For this specific fact: SETI@Home averaged 54 teraflops (floating-point operations\/second) on 1\/26\/2003 handily beating the sum of the combined peak performance of the top four of the Top500 supercomputers registered at http:\/\/www.top500.org\/ on that day."},{"volume-title":"The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure.","year":"1999","author":"Foster I.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"See  http:\/\/SkyQuery.net\/ and http:\/\/TerrraService.net\/. Each of these two Web sites acts as a portal to several SOAP Web services.  See http:\/\/SkyQuery.net\/ and http:\/\/TerrraService.net\/. Each of these two Web sites acts as a portal to several SOAP Web services."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"The hardware prices are typical of Web prices the WAN price is typical of rates paid by large (many Gbps\/month) Internet service providers. Hardware is depreciated over three years.  The hardware prices are typical of Web prices the WAN price is typical of rates paid by large (many Gbps\/month) Internet service providers. Hardware is depreciated over three years."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Ferreira L. et. al. 2002. Introduction to Grid Computing with Globus. IBM Redbook series; http:\/\/ibm.com\/redbooks.   Ferreira L. et. al. 2002. Introduction to Grid Computing with Globus. IBM Redbook series; http:\/\/ibm.com\/redbooks."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Private communication from Gerd Heber Cornell Theory Center January 12 2003.  Private communication from Gerd Heber Cornell Theory Center January 12 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Sterling T. Salmon J. Becker D. J. Savarese D. F. 1998. How to Build a Beowulf: A Guide to the Implementation and Application of PC Clusters. Cambridge: MIT Press.   Sterling T. Salmon J. Becker D. J. Savarese D. F. 1998. How to Build a Beowulf: A Guide to the Implementation and Application of PC Clusters. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Private communication from Ed Catmull Pixar. April 2 2003.  Private communication from Ed Catmull Pixar. April 2 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(81)90087-5"}],"container-title":["Queue"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1394127.1394131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1394127.1394131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1750250753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1394127.1394131"}},"subtitle":["Computing economics are changing. Today there is rough price parity between: (1) one database access; (2) 10 bytes of network traffic; (3) 100,000 instructions; (4) 10 bytes of disk storage; and (5) a megabyte of disk bandwidth. This has implications for how one structures Internet-scale distributed computing: one puts computing as close to the data as possible in order to avoid expensive network traffic."],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1394127.1394131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1394127.1394131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1542-7730"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1542-7749"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}