{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T20:00:08Z","timestamp":1771704008467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6.07E+26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6.07E+26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20050487040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20050487040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wuhan Chengguang Plan","award":["2.01E+11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.01E+11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Video-on-Demand (VoD) is a compelling application, but costly. VoD is costly due to the load it places on video source servers. Many have proposed using peer-to-peer (P2P) techniques to shift load from servers to peers. Yet, nobody has implemented and deployed a system to openly and systematically evaluate how these techniques work.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article describes the design, implementation and evaluation of GridCast, a real deployed P2P VoD system. GridCast has been live on CERNET since May of 2006. It provides seek, pause, and play operations, and employs peer sharing to improve system scalability. In peak months, GridCast has served videos to 23,000 unique users. From the first deployment, we have gathered information to understand the system and evaluate how to further improve peer sharing through caching and replication.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We first show that GridCast with single video caching (SVC) can decrease load on source servers by an average of 22% from a client-server architecture. We analyze the net effect on system resources and determine that peer upload is largely idle. This leads us to changing the caching algorithm to cache multiple videos (MVC). MVC decreases source load by an average of 51% over the client-server. The improvement is greater as user load increases. This bodes well for peer-assistance at larger scales.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>A detailed analysis of MVC shows that departure misses become a major issue in a P2P VoD system with caching optimization. Motivated by this observation, we examine how to use replication to eliminate departure misses and further reduce server load. A framework for lazy replication is presented and evaluated in this article. In this framework, two predictors are plugged in to create the working replication algorithm. With these two simple predictors, lazy replication can decrease server load by 15% from MVC with only a minor increase in network traffic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1412196.1412199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,6]],"date-time":"2008-11-06T13:49:43Z","timestamp":1225979383000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["GridCast"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Lex","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"CERNET. 2006. China Education and Research Network Annual Report.  CERNET. 2006. China Education and Research Network Annual Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications.","author":"Cheng B.","unstructured":"Cheng , B. , Jin , H. , and Liao , X . 2007. Supporting VCR functions in P2P VoD services using ring-assisted overlays . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications. Cheng, B., Jin, H., and Liao, X. 2007. Supporting VCR functions in P2P VoD services using ring-assisted overlays. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1352592.1352605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/339331.339337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Stystems.","author":"Cohen B.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen , B. 2003 . Incentives Build Robustness in BitTorrent . In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Stystems. Cohen, B. 2003. Incentives Build Robustness in BitTorrent. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Stystems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2003.818799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Internet Marketing Conference.","author":"Guo L.","unstructured":"Guo , L. , Chen , S. , Xiao , Z. , Tan , E. , Ding , X. , and Zhang , X . 2005. Measurements, analysis, and modeling of BitTorrent-like systems . In Proceedings of the Internet Marketing Conference. Guo, L., Chen, S., Xiao, Z., Tan, E., Ding, X., and Zhang, X. 2005. Measurements, analysis, and modeling of BitTorrent-like systems. In Proceedings of the Internet Marketing Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Joost: A measurement study. Tech. rep., School of Computer Science","author":"Hall Y. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hall , Y. J. , Piemonte , P. , and Weyant , M . 2007 . Joost: A measurement study. Tech. rep., School of Computer Science , Carnegie-Mellon University . Hall, Y. J., Piemonte, P., and Weyant, M. 2007. Joost: A measurement study. Tech. rep., School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"SDP: Session Description Protocol. RFC 4566 (Proposed Standard).","author":"Handley M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Handley , M. , Jacobson , V. , and Perkins , C . 2006 . SDP: Session Description Protocol. RFC 4566 (Proposed Standard). Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and Perkins, C. 2006. SDP: Session Description Protocol. RFC 4566 (Proposed Standard)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2007.907451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1282380.1282396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1402958.1403001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.","author":"Liao X.","unstructured":"Liao , X. , Jin , H. , Liu , Y. , Ni , M. , and Deng , D . 2006. AnySee: Peer-to-peer live streaming . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Liao, X., Jin, H., Liu, Y., Ni, M., and Deng, D. 2006. AnySee: Peer-to-peer live streaming. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference.","author":"Mol J.","unstructured":"Mol , J. , Pouwelse , J. , Meulpolder , M. , Epema , D. , and Sips , H . 2008. Give-to-Get: Free-riding-resilient video-on-demand in P2P systems . In Proceedings of the Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference. Mol, J., Pouwelse, J., Meulpolder, M., Epema, D., and Sips, H. 2008. Give-to-Get: Free-riding-resilient video-on-demand in P2P systems. In Proceedings of the Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015467.1015508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. RFC 3550 (Standard).","author":"Schulzrinne H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schulzrinne , H. , Casner , S. , Frederick , R. , and Jacobson , V . 2003 . RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. RFC 3550 (Standard). Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and Jacobson, V. 2003. RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. RFC 3550 (Standard)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulzrinne H. Rao A. and Lanphier R. 1998. Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). RFC 2326 (Proposed Standard).   Schulzrinne H. Rao A. and Lanphier R. 1998. Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). RFC 2326 (Proposed Standard).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028788.1028795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications.","author":"Tai D.","unstructured":"Tai , D. , Kien , H. A. , and Mounir , T . 2004. P2VoD: Providing fault tolerant video-on-demand streaming in peer-to-peer environment . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications. Tai, D., Kien, H. A., and Mounir, T. 2004. P2VoD: Providing fault tolerant video-on-demand streaming in peer-to-peer environment. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems (IPTPS'07)","author":"Tian J.","unstructured":"Tian , J. and Dai , Y . 2007. Understanding the dynamics of peer-to-peer systems . In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems (IPTPS'07) . Tian, J. and Dai, Y. 2007. Understanding the dynamics of peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems (IPTPS'07)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia in Europe.","author":"Wang D.","unstructured":"Wang , D. and Liu , J . 2006. Peer-to-Peer asynchronous video streaming using Skip List . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia in Europe. Wang, D. and Liu, J. 2006. Peer-to-Peer asynchronous video streaming using Skip List. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia in Europe."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1217935.1217968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.","author":"Zhang X.","unstructured":"Zhang , X. , Liu , J. , Li , B. , and Yum , Y. S. P. 2005. CoolStreaming\/DONet: A data-driven overlay network for peer-to-peer live media streaming . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Zhang, X., Liu, J., Li, B., and Yum, Y. S. P. 2005. CoolStreaming\/DONet: A data-driven overlay network for peer-to-peer live media streaming. 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