{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:22:54Z","timestamp":1776111774626,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":47,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]],"date-time":"2008-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/1413634.1413663","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,30]],"date-time":"2008-09-30T13:03:19Z","timestamp":1222779799000},"page":"134-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Toward accessible 3D virtual environments for the blind and visually impaired"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Gareth R.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 19th","year":"2007","unstructured":"Audioquake. {version 0.3.0rc1 \"glacier'}. Accessible Gaming Rendering Independence Possible. &lt;http:\/\/www.agrip.org.uk\/AudioQuake&gt; , Last accessed 19th October 2007 . Audioquake. {version 0.3.0rc1 \"glacier'}. Accessible Gaming Rendering Independence Possible. &lt;http:\/\/www.agrip.org.uk\/AudioQuake&gt;, Last accessed 19th October 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"September 18th","author":"Adams-Spink G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"G. Adams-Spink . Virtual worlds open up to blind. BBC , September 18th 2007 . G. Adams-Spink. Virtual worlds open up to blind. BBC, September 18th 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","year":"2008","unstructured":"AudioGames.net. Audiogame.net forum. &lt;http:\/\/forum.audiogames.net\/> , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . AudioGames.net. Audiogame.net forum. &lt;http:\/\/forum.audiogames.net\/>, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","year":"2008","unstructured":"Audyssey.org. Gamers -- gamers discussion list. &lt;http:\/\/audyssey.org\/mailman\/listinfo\/gamers_audyssey.org&gt; , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . Audyssey.org. Gamers -- gamers discussion list. &lt;http:\/\/audyssey.org\/mailman\/listinfo\/gamers_audyssey.org&gt;, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 12th","author":"Blizzard Entertainment Inc.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blizzard Entertainment Inc. World of warcraft community site. &lt;http:\/\/www.worldofwarcraft.com\/index.xml&gt; , Last accessed 12th May 2008 . Blizzard Entertainment Inc. World of warcraft community site. &lt;http:\/\/www.worldofwarcraft.com\/index.xml&gt;, Last accessed 12th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"British Computer Association of the Blind.","year":"2008","unstructured":"British Computer Association of the Blind. British computer association of the blind website. &lt;http:\/\/www.bcab.org.uk\/> , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . British Computer Association of the Blind. British computer association of the blind website. &lt;http:\/\/www.bcab.org.uk\/>, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"Caldwell B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"B. Caldwell , M. Cooper , L. G. Reid , and G. Vanderheiden . Web content accessibility guidelines 2.0. &lt;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/> , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . B. Caldwell, M. Cooper, L. G. Reid, and G. Vanderheiden. Web content accessibility guidelines 2.0. &lt;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/>, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"March","author":"Carter W. S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"W. S. Carter and G. D. Corona . Untangling the web - exploring methods of accessing virtual worlds. AFB Access World, 9(2) , March 2008 . Last accessed 10th April 2008. W. S. Carter and G. D. Corona. Untangling the web - exploring methods of accessing virtual worlds. AFB Access World, 9(2), March 2008. Last accessed 10th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"Chisholm W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"W. Chisholm , G. Vanderheiden , and I. Jacobs . Web content accessibility guidelines 1.0. &lt;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG10\/> , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I. Jacobs. Web content accessibility guidelines 1.0. &lt;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG10\/>, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 9th","year":"2008","unstructured":"Croquet. The Croquet Consortium. &lt;http:\/\/www.opencroquet.org\/index.php\/Main_Page&gt; , Last accessed 9th April 2008 . Croquet. The Croquet Consortium. &lt;http:\/\/www.opencroquet.org\/index.php\/Main_Page&gt;, Last accessed 9th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"April 20th","year":"2006","unstructured":"Economist. Wonders of the metaverse. The Economist , April 20th 2006 . Last accessed 19th December 2007. Economist. Wonders of the metaverse. The Economist, April 20th 2006. Last accessed 19th December 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 25th","author":"Folmer E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"E. Folmer . textsl - a blind accessible client for secondlife. &lt;http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/textsl\/> , Last accessed 25th April 2008 . E. Folmer. textsl - a blind accessible client for secondlife. &lt;http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/textsl\/>, Last accessed 25th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 19th","author":"JAWS","year":"2007","unstructured":"JAWS for windows. {version 9.0}. Freedom Scientific. &lt;http:\/\/www.freedomscientific.com\/fs_products\/software_jaws.asup&gt; , Last accessed 19th December 2007 . JAWS for windows. {version 9.0}. Freedom Scientific. &lt;http:\/\/www.freedomscientific.com\/fs_products\/software_jaws.asup&gt;, Last accessed 19th December 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"November","author":"Froese T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"T. Froese and A. Spiers . Toward a phenomenological pragmatics of enactive perception , November 2007 . &lt;http:\/\/cogprints.org\/5889\/>. T. Froese and A. Spiers. Toward a phenomenological pragmatics of enactive perception, November 2007. &lt;http:\/\/cogprints.org\/5889\/>."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 2nd","author":"Froese T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"T. Froese and A. Spiers . The enactive torch. &lt;http:\/\/enactivetorch.wordpress.com\/> , Last accessed 2nd May 2008 . T. Froese and A. Spiers. The enactive torch. &lt;http:\/\/enactivetorch.wordpress.com\/>, Last accessed 2nd May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"July 2nd","author":"Funkhouser T. A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"T. A. Funkhouser , N. Tsingos , I. Carlbom , G. Elko , M. Sondhi , and J. West . Interactive acoustic modeling for virtual environments , July 2nd 2007 . &lt;http:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/~funk\/acoustics.html&gt;, Last accessed 22nd November 2007. T. A. Funkhouser, N. Tsingos, I. Carlbom, G. Elko, M. Sondhi, and J. West. Interactive acoustic modeling for virtual environments, July 2nd 2007. &lt;http:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/~funk\/acoustics.html&gt;, Last accessed 22nd November 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","year":"2008","unstructured":"Game-Accessibility.com. Games accessibility forum. &lt;http:\/\/www.game-accessibility.com\/forum&gt; , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . Game-Accessibility.com. Games accessibility forum. &lt;http:\/\/www.game-accessibility.com\/forum&gt;, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"Google Google","year":"2008","unstructured":"Google earth. {version 4.3 Beta}. Google . &lt;http:\/\/earth.google.com\/> , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . Google earth. {version 4.3 Beta}. Google. &lt;http:\/\/earth.google.com\/>, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Intl. Conf. Auditory Display (ICAD 2003","author":"Gr\u00f6hn M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"M. Gr\u00f6hn , T. Lokki , and T. Takala . Comparison of auditory, visual, and audiovisual navigation in a 3d space . In Proc. 9th Intl. Conf. Auditory Display (ICAD 2003 ), pages 200 -- 203 , July 6 --9th 2003 . M. Gr\u00f6hn, T. Lokki, and T. Takala. Comparison of auditory, visual, and audiovisual navigation in a 3d space. In Proc. 9th Intl. Conf. Auditory Display (ICAD 2003), pages 200--203, July 6--9th 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1101530.1101559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1101530.1101558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1182475.1182492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Quake. Id Software Inc. (Published by GT Interactive). &lt;http:\/\/www.idsoftware.com\/games\/quake\/quake\/> Last accessed 25th April 2008.  Quake. Id Software Inc. (Published by GT Interactive). &lt;http:\/\/www.idsoftware.com\/games\/quake\/quake\/> Last accessed 25th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"International Game Developers Association","year":"2008","unstructured":"International Game Developers Association . games_access -- igda games accessibility sig mailing list. &lt;http:\/\/seven.pairlist.net\/mailman\/listinfo\/games_access&gt; , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . International Game Developers Association. games_access -- igda games accessibility sig mailing list. &lt;http:\/\/seven.pairlist.net\/mailman\/listinfo\/games_access&gt;, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"International Game Developers Association","year":"2008","unstructured":"International Game Developers Association . Igda forums - accessibility. &lt;http:\/\/www.igda.org\/Forums\/forumdisplay.php?forumid=189&gt; , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . International Game Developers Association. Igda forums - accessibility. &lt;http:\/\/www.igda.org\/Forums\/forumdisplay.php?forumid=189&gt;, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 12th","author":"IT Accessibility & Workforce Division (ITAW).","year":"2008","unstructured":"IT Accessibility & Workforce Division (ITAW). Section 508: The road to accessibility. &lt;&lt;http:\/\/www.section508.gov\/> , Last accessed 12th May 2008 . IT Accessibility & Workforce Division (ITAW). Section 508: The road to accessibility. &lt;&lt;http:\/\/www.section508.gov\/>, Last accessed 12th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 19th","author":"Joint Information Systems Committee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Joint Information Systems Committee . Techdis. &lt;http:\/\/www.techdis.ac.uk\/> , Last accessed 19th April 2008 . Joint Information Systems Committee. Techdis. &lt;http:\/\/www.techdis.ac.uk\/>, Last accessed 19th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2005.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69057-3_112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"Web Design Limited MIS","year":"2008","unstructured":"MIS Web Design Limited . Accessify forum: Accessible discussion forums. &lt;http:\/\/www.accessifyforum.com\/> , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . MIS Web Design Limited. Accessify forum: Accessible discussion forums. &lt;http:\/\/www.accessifyforum.com\/>, Last accessed 11th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 19th","author":"MSDN.","year":"2007","unstructured":"MSDN. Microsoft active accessibility. &lt;http:\/\/msdn2.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/ms697707.aspx&gt; , Last accessed 19th December 2007 . MSDN. Microsoft active accessibility. &lt;http:\/\/msdn2.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/ms697707.aspx&gt;, Last accessed 19th December 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 3rd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nintendo. Wii at nintendo. &lt;http:\/\/www.nintendo.com\/wii&gt; , Last accessed 3rd May 2008 . Nintendo. Wii at nintendo. &lt;http:\/\/www.nintendo.com\/wii&gt;, Last accessed 3rd May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 3rd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Novint. Falcon. &lt;http:\/\/home.novint.com\/products\/novint_falcon.php&gt; , Last accessed 3rd May 2008 . Novint. Falcon. &lt;http:\/\/home.novint.com\/products\/novint_falcon.php&gt;, Last accessed 3rd May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 19th","author":"Interactive Pin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terraformers. Pin Interactive . &lt;http:\/\/www.terraformers.nu\/> , Last accessed 19th October 2007 . Terraformers. Pin Interactive. &lt;http:\/\/www.terraformers.nu\/>, Last accessed 19th October 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 25th","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crackdown. Real Time Worlds. (Published by Microsoft Game Studios). &lt;http:\/\/crackdownoncrime.com\/> , Last accessed 25th April 2008 . Crackdown. Real Time Worlds. (Published by Microsoft Game Studios). &lt;http:\/\/crackdownoncrime.com\/>, Last accessed 25th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"August 5th","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reuben. The second half of second life: Haptics. Millions of Us , August 5th 2006 . Reuben. The second half of second life: Haptics. Millions of Us, August 5th 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 25th","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reuters. US dollars spent in second life over last 24 hours. &lt;http:\/\/secondlife.reuters.com\/stories\/category\/second-life\/> , Last accessed 25th April 2008 . Reuters. US dollars spent in second life over last 24 hours. &lt;http:\/\/secondlife.reuters.com\/stories\/category\/second-life\/>, Last accessed 25th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1324892.1324941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 25th of","author":"Life Second","year":"2008","unstructured":"Second Life . Economic statistics. &lt;http:\/\/secondlife.com\/whatis\/economy_stats.php&gt; , Last accessed 25th of April , 2008 . Second Life. Economic statistics. &lt;http:\/\/secondlife.com\/whatis\/economy_stats.php&gt;, Last accessed 25th of April, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 25th","author":"Technologies SensAble","year":"2008","unstructured":"SensAble Technologies . PHANTOM premium - sensable. &lt;http:\/\/www.sensabledental.com\/haptic-phantom-premium.htm&gt; , Last accessed 25th April 2008 . SensAble Technologies. PHANTOM premium - sensable. &lt;http:\/\/www.sensabledental.com\/haptic-phantom-premium.htm&gt;, Last accessed 25th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 12th","author":"Sony Corporation","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sony Corporation . Playstationhome.com - global website. &lt;http:\/\/playstationhome.com\/> , Last accessed 12th May 2008 . Sony Corporation. Playstationhome.com - global website. &lt;http:\/\/playstationhome.com\/>, Last accessed 12th May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 27th","author":"Foresight Sound","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sound Foresight . Ultracane - the electronic mobility aid for blind and visually impaired. &lt;http:\/\/www.soundforesight.co.uk\/new\/index.htm&gt; , Last accessed 27th April 2008 . Sound Foresight. Ultracane - the electronic mobility aid for blind and visually impaired. &lt;http:\/\/www.soundforesight.co.uk\/new\/index.htm&gt;, Last accessed 27th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 25th","author":"Half life 2. Valve Corporation","year":"2008","unstructured":"Half life 2. Valve Corporation . &lt;http:\/\/www.half-life2.com\/> , Last accessed 25th April 2008 . Half life 2. Valve Corporation. &lt;http:\/\/www.half-life2.com\/>, Last accessed 25th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 9th","author":"VanDrimmelen J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. VanDrimmelen . Haptic education - adding the tactile sensation to virtual learning. &lt;http:\/\/haptic.edutechie.com\/research\/> , Last accessed 9th April 2008 . J. VanDrimmelen. Haptic education - adding the tactile sensation to virtual learning. &lt;http:\/\/haptic.edutechie.com\/research\/>, Last accessed 9th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Intl. Conf. Auditory Displays (ICAD)","author":"Waters D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"D. Waters and H. Abulula . The virtual bat: echolocation in virtual reality. In J. Hiipakka, N. Zacharov, and T. Takala, editors , Intl. Conf. Auditory Displays (ICAD) . Helsinki University of Technology, July 29th - August 1st , 2001 2001. D. Waters and H. Abulula. The virtual bat: echolocation in virtual reality. In J. Hiipakka, N. Zacharov, and T. Takala, editors, Intl. Conf. Auditory Displays (ICAD). Helsinki University of Technology, July 29th - August 1st, 2001 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 19th","author":"White G. R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"G. R. White . Blindsecondlife - a second life client for the visually impaired. &lt;http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/blindsecondlife\/> , Last accessed 19th April 2008 . G. R. White. Blindsecondlife - a second life client for the visually impaired. &lt;http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/blindsecondlife\/>, Last accessed 19th April 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Last accessed 11th","author":"White G. R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"G. R. White . Second life for the visually impaired: Blind volunteers needed. &lt;http:\/\/blindsecondlife.blogspot.com\/2008\/02\/blind-volunteers-needed.html&gt; , Last accessed 11th May 2008 . G. R. White. Second life for the visually impaired: Blind volunteers needed. &lt;http:\/\/blindsecondlife.blogspot.com\/2008\/02\/blind-volunteers-needed.html&gt;, Last accessed 11th May 2008."}],"event":{"name":"DIMEA '08: Third International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts","location":"Athens Greece","acronym":"DIMEA '08","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1413634.1413663","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1413634.1413663","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:30:13Z","timestamp":1750253413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1413634.1413663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1413634.1413663","10.1145\/1413634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1413634.1413663","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-09-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}