{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:09:47Z","timestamp":1765231787261,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are one of the most commonly used parts of today's software. Despite their ubiquity, testing GUIs for functional correctness remains an understudied area. A typical GUI gives many degrees of freedom to an end-user, leading to an enormous\n            <jats:italic>input event interaction space<\/jats:italic>\n            that needs to be tested. GUI test designers generate and execute test cases (modeled as sequences of user\n            <jats:italic>events<\/jats:italic>\n            ) to traverse its parts; targeting a subspace in order to maximize fault detection is a nontrivial task. In this vein, in previous work, we used informal GUI code examination and personal intuition to develop an\n            <jats:italic>event-interaction graph<\/jats:italic>\n            (EIG). In this article we empirically derive the EIG model via a pilot study, and the resulting EIG validates our intuition used in previous work; the empirical derivation process also allows for model evolution as our understanding of GUI faults improves. Results of the pilot study show that events interact in complex ways; a GUI's response to an event may vary depending on the\n            <jats:italic>context<\/jats:italic>\n            established by preceding events and their execution order. The EIG model helps testers to understand the nature of interactions between GUI events when executed in test cases and why certain events detect faults, so that they can better traverse the event space. New test adequacy criteria are defined for the EIG; new algorithms use these criteria and EIG to systematically generate test cases that are shown to be effective on four fielded open-source applications.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1416563.1416567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,11]],"date-time":"2008-11-11T12:59:40Z","timestamp":1226408380000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Using a pilot study to derive a GUI model for automated testing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Accenture Technology Labs, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atif M","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1062455.1062530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1083274.1083284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/196092.196088"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1978.231496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference (Pnsqc\/Pacific Agenda","author":"Clarke J. M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clarke , J. M. 1998 . Automated test generation from a behavioral model . In Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference (Pnsqc\/Pacific Agenda , Portland, OR). Clarke, J. M. 1998. Automated test generation from a behavioral model. In Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference (Pnsqc\/Pacific Agenda, Portland, OR)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference (Pnsqc\/Pacific Agenda","author":"Esmelioglu S.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Esmelioglu , S. and Apfelbaum , L . 1997. Automated test generation, execution, and reporting . In Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference (Pnsqc\/Pacific Agenda , Portland, OR). 127--142. Esmelioglu, S. and Apfelbaum, L. 1997. Automated test generation, execution, and reporting. In Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference (Pnsqc\/Pacific Agenda, Portland, OR). 127--142."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(96)00175-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting. Special Sessions: Demonstrations","volume":"2","author":"Hicinbothom J. H.","unstructured":"Hicinbothom , J. H. and Zachary , W. W . 1993. A tool for automatically generating transcripts of human-computer interaction . In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting. Special Sessions: Demonstrations , vol. 2 . Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA, 1042. Hicinbothom, J. H. and Zachary, W. W. 1993. A tool for automatically generating transcripts of human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting. Special Sessions: Demonstrations, vol. 2. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA, 1042."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008607721339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/182987.182989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/238386.238519"},{"volume-title":"ICSE '04: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Leow W. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Leow , W. K. , Khoo , S. C. , and Sun , Y . 2004. Automated generation of test programs from closed specifications of classes and test cases . In ICSE '04: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 96--105. Leow, W. K., Khoo, S. C., and Sun, Y. 2004. Automated generation of test programs from closed specifications of classes and test cases. In ICSE '04: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 96--105."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.56422"},{"volume-title":"WCRE '03: Proceedings of the 10th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Memon A.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Memon , A. , Banerjee , I. , and Nagarajan , A . 2003. GUI Ripping: Reverse engineering of graphical user interfaces for testing . In WCRE '03: Proceedings of the 10th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 260--269. Memon, A., Banerjee, I., and Nagarajan, A. 2003. GUI Ripping: Reverse engineering of graphical user interfaces for testing. In WCRE '03: Proceedings of the 10th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 260--269."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2002.1023795"},{"volume-title":"Advances in Computers, 58","author":"Memon A. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Memon , A. M. 2003. Advances in GUI testing . In Advances in Computers, 58 , M. V. Zelkowitz, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam , The Netherlands , 150--203. Memon, A. M. 2003. Advances in GUI testing. In Advances in Computers, 58, M. V. Zelkowitz, Ed. 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In ICSE '82: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 272--278. Rapps, S. and Weyuker, E. J. 1982. Data flow analysis techniques for test data selection. In ICSE '82: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 272--278."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Scheetz M.","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Scheetz , M. , von Mayrhauser , A. , France , R. , Dahlman , E. , and Howe , A. E . 1999. Generating test cases from an OO model with an AI planning system . In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 250--259. Scheetz, M., von Mayrhauser, A., France, R., Dahlman, E., and Howe, A. E. 1999. Generating test cases from an OO model with an AI planning system. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 250--259."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS'97)","author":"Shehady R. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Shehady , R. K. and Siewiorek , D. P . 1997. A method to automate user interface testing using variable finite state machines . In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS'97) . IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 80--88. Shehady, R. K. and Siewiorek, D. P. 1997. A method to automate user interface testing using variable finite state machines. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS'97). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 80--88."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1137983.1138014"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Software Reliability Engineering Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"von Mayrhauser A.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"von Mayrhauser , A. and Crawford-Hines , S . 1993. Automated testing support for a robot tape library . In Proceedings of the 4th International Software Reliability Engineering Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 6--14. von Mayrhauser, A. and Crawford-Hines, S. 1993. Automated testing support for a robot tape library. In Proceedings of the 4th International Software Reliability Engineering Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 6--14."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"von Mayrhauser A.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"von Mayrhauser , A. , Mraz , R. T. , and Walls , J . 1994. Domain based regression testing . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 26--35. von Mayrhauser, A., Mraz, R. T., and Walls, J. 1994. Domain based regression testing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 26--35."},{"volume-title":"ISSRE '00: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"White L.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"White , L. and Almezen , H . 2000. Generating test cases for GUI responsibilities using complete interaction sequences . In ISSRE '00: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. 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