{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:49:58Z","timestamp":1775782198457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In enterprise data centers power usage is a problem impacting server density and the total cost of ownership. Storage uses a significant fraction of the power budget and there are no widely deployed power-saving solutions for enterprise storage systems. The traditional view is that enterprise workloads make spinning disks down ineffective because idle periods are too short. We analyzed block-level traces from 36 volumes in an enterprise data center for one week and concluded that significant idle periods exist, and that they can be further increased by modifying the read\/write patterns using\n            <jats:italic>write off-loading<\/jats:italic>\n            . Write off-loading allows write requests on spun-down disks to be temporarily redirected to persistent storage elsewhere in the data center.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>The key challenge is doing this transparently and efficiently at the block level, without sacrificing consistency or failure resilience. We describe our write off-loading design and implementation that achieves these goals. We evaluate it by replaying portions of our traces on a rack-based testbed. Results show that just spinning disks down when idle saves 28--36% of energy, and write off-loading further increases the savings to 45--60%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1416944.1416949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,4]],"date-time":"2008-12-04T17:19:26Z","timestamp":1228411166000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":570,"title":["Write off-loading"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Dushyanth","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Rowstron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/224056.224066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST)","author":"Aranya A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/143365.143380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/121132.121164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/782814.782829"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502034.502045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing (ICS) Baltimore, MD.","author":"Colarelli D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)","author":"Dahlin M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Technical Conference","author":"Douglis F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST)","author":"Ellard D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS)","author":"Ganesh L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/859618.859638"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS)","author":"Gurumurthi S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"313355","article-title":"Dual-Core Intel\u00ae Xeon\u00ae Processor 5100 Series Datasheet. 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Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1 000 000 hours mean to you&quest; In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST) San Jose CA.   Schroeder B. and Gibson G. A. 2007. Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1 000 000 hours mean to you&quest; In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST) San Jose CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Seagate Technology LLC. 2005. Cheetah 15K.4 SCSI Product Manual Rev. D ed. Seagate Technology LLC 920 Disc Drive Scotts Valley CA. Publication number: 100220456.  Seagate Technology LLC. 2005. Cheetah 15K.4 SCSI Product Manual Rev. D ed. Seagate Technology LLC 920 Disc Drive Scotts Valley CA. Publication number: 100220456."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Conference","author":"Seltzer M. I."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST)","author":"Weddle C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1217935.1217959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST)","author":"Zedlewski J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST)","author":"Zhu N."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095810.1095828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2005.82"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1416944.1416949","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T07:52:46Z","timestamp":1672300366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1416944.1416949"}},"subtitle":["Practical power management for enterprise storage"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1416944.1416949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1416944.1416949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-3093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-11-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}