{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T04:52:16Z","timestamp":1767675136671,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000144","name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-0435060CNS-0614870CNS-0626616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-0435060CNS-0614870CNS-0626616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F336615-01-C-1905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F336615-01-C-1905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy efficiency is a fundamental issue for outdoor sensor network systems. This article presents the design and implementation of multidimensional power management strategies in VigilNet, a major recent effort to support long-term surveillance using power-constrained sensor devices. A novel tripwire service is integrated with an effective sentry and duty cycle scheduling in order to increase the system lifetime, collaboratively. The tripwire service partitions a network into distinct, nonoverlapping sections and allows each section to be scheduled independently. Sentry scheduling selects a subset of nodes, the sentries, which are turned on while the remaining nodes save energy. Duty cycle scheduling allows the active sentries themselves to be turned on and off, further lowering the average power draw. The multidimensional power management strategies proposed in this article were fully implemented within a real sensor network system using the XSM platform. We evaluate key system parameters using a network of 200 XSM nodes in an outdoor environment, and an analytical probabilistic model. We evaluate network lifetime using a simulation of a 10,000-node network that uses measured XSM power values. These evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of our integrated approach and identify a set of lessons and guidelines, useful for the future development of energy-efficient sensor systems. One of the key results indicates that the combination of the three presented power management techniques is able to increase the lifetime of a realistic network from 4 days to 200 days.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1464420.1464429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T16:42:19Z","timestamp":1234284139000},"page":"1-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Achieving long-term surveillance in VigilNet"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Pascal","family":"Vicaire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Stoleru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarek F.","family":"Abdelzaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Agarwal M.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Agarwal , M. , Cho , J. H. , Gao , L. , and Wu , J . 2004. Energy-Efficient broadcast in wireless ad hoc networks with hitch-hiking . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Agarwal, M., Cho, J. H., Gao, L., and Wu, J. 2004. Energy-Efficient broadcast in wireless ad hoc networks with hitch-hiking. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066116.1066120"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Bogdanov A.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Bogdanov , A. , Maneva , E. , and Riesenfeld , S . 2004. Power-Aware base station positioning for sensor networks . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Bogdanov, A., Maneva, E., and Riesenfeld, S. 2004. Power-Aware base station positioning for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN).","author":"Cao Q.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Cao , Q. , Abdelzaher , T. , He , T. , and Stankovic , J . 2005. Towards optimal sleep scheduling in sensor networks for rare event detection . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). Cao, Q., Abdelzaher, T., He, T., and Stankovic, J. 2005. Towards optimal sleep scheduling in sensor networks for rare event detection. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11502593_22"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Cardei M.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Cardei , M. , Thai , M. , and Wu , W . 2005. Energy-Efficient target coverage in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Cardei, M., Thai, M., and Wu, W. 2005. Energy-Efficient target coverage in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/381677.381686"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Choi W.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Choi , W. and Das , S . 2005. A novel framework for energy-conserving data gathering in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Choi, W. and Das, S. 2005. A novel framework for energy-conserving data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"CrossBow. 2008a. Mica2 aa battery pack service life test. http:\/\/www.xbow.com\/Support\/.  CrossBow. 2008a. Mica2 aa battery pack service life test. http:\/\/www.xbow.com\/Support\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"CrossBow. 2008b. Mica2 data sheet. http:\/\/www.xbow.com.  CrossBow. 2008b. Mica2 data sheet. http:\/\/www.xbow.com."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN).","author":"Dutta P.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Dutta , P. , Grimmer , M. , Arora , A. , Biby , S. , and Culler , D . 2005. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). Dutta, P., Grimmer, M., Arora, A., Biby, S., and Culler, D. 2005. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Energizer. 2008. Energizer current batteries datasheets. http:\/\/www.energizer.com.  Energizer. 2008. Energizer current batteries datasheets. http:\/\/www.energizer.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/984622.984643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/984622.984642"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS).","author":"Gu L.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Gu , L. and Stankovic , J. A . 2004. Radio-Triggered wake-up capability for sensor networks . In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). Gu, L. and Stankovic, J. A. 2004. Radio-Triggered wake-up capability for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/993396.993406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/938985.938995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/990064.990096"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Hawaii Internationational Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS).","author":"Heinzelman W.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Heinzelman , W. , Chandrakasan , A. , and Balakrishnan , H . 2000. Energy-Efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks . In Proceedings of the Hawaii Internationational Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS). Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. 2000. Energy-Efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In Proceedings of the Hawaii Internationational Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/313451.313558"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Kar K.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Kar , K. , Krishnamurthy , A. , and Jaggi , N . 2005. Dynamic node activation in networks of rechargeable sensors . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Kar, K., Krishnamurthy, A., and Jaggi, N. 2005. Dynamic node activation in networks of rechargeable sensors. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Keshavarzian A.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Keshavarzian , A. , Uysal-Biyikoglu , E. , Herrmann , F. , and Manjeshwar , A . 2004. Energy-Efficient link assessment in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Keshavarzian, A., Uysal-Biyikoglu, E., Herrmann, F., and Manjeshwar, A. 2004. Energy-Efficient link assessment in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1023720.1023735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/S111086570321204X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470317013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-3664(02)00248-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2004.1354585"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031497"},{"volume-title":"1st IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors EmNetS-I.","author":"Stoleru R.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Stoleru , R. , He , T. , and Stankovic , J. A . 2004. Walking GPS: A practical solution for localization in manually deployed wireless sensor networks . In 1st IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors EmNetS-I. Stoleru, R., He, T., and Stankovic, J. A. 2004. Walking GPS: A practical solution for localization in manually deployed wireless sensor networks. In 1st IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors EmNetS-I."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031521"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Williams R. 1979. Circle Coverings. Dover New York.  Williams R. 1979. Circle Coverings. Dover New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/381677.381685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958498"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Ye W.","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Ye , W. , Heidemann , J. , and Estrin , D . 2002. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Ye, W., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. 2002. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom).","author":"Yu Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Yu , Y. , Krishnamachari , B. , and Prasanna , V. K . 2004. Energy-Latency tradeoffs for data gathering in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom). Yu, Y., Krishnamachari, B., and Prasanna, V. K. 2004. Energy-Latency tradeoffs for data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the Computer and Communications Societies IEEE (InfoCom)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/990064.990081"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1464420.1464429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1464420.1464429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1750287222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1464420.1464429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1464420.1464429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1464420.1464429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4859"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4867"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}