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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Distributed observation and control of mobile objects via static wireless sensors demands timely information in a\n            <jats:italic>distance-sensitive<\/jats:italic>\n            manner: Information about closer objects is required more often and more quickly than that of farther objects. In this article, we present a wireless sensor network protocol, Trail, that supports distance-sensitive tracking of mobile objects for in-network subscribers upon demand. Trail achieves a find time that is linear in the distance from a subscriber to an object, via a distributed data structure that is updated only locally when the object moves. Notably, Trail does not partition the network into a hierarchy of clusters and clusterheads, and as a result Trail has lower maintenance costs, is more locally fault tolerant, and it better utilizes the network in terms of load balancing and minimizing the size of the data structure needed for tracking. Moreover, Trail is reliable and energy efficient, despite the network dynamics that are typical of wireless sensor networks. Trail can be refined by tuning certain parameters, thereby yielding a family of protocols that are suited for different application settings such as rate of queries, rate of updates, and network size. We evaluate the performance of Trail by analysis, simulations in a 90 \u00d7 90 sensor network, and experiments on 105 Mica2 nodes in the context of a pursuer-evader control application.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1498915.1498921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T16:34:22Z","timestamp":1239035662000},"page":"1-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Trail"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Vinodkrishnan","family":"Kulathumani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anish","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mukundan","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Demirbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, SUNY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1022630.1022643"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2006.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2005.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/210118.210132"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2005.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/570738.570742"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1127777.1127792"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11945529_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11516798_22"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), 530--537","author":"Dolev S.","key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Dolev , S. , Pradhan , D. , and Welch , J . 1995. Modified tree structure for location management in mobile environments . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), 530--537 . Dolev, S., Pradhan, D., and Welch, J. 1995. Modified tree structure for location management in mobile environments. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), 530--537."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11776178_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1138127.1138128"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2002.808417"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345953"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Trail: A distance sensitive wsn service for distributed object tracking. Tech. rep. OSU-CISRC-7\/06-TR67","author":"Kulathumani V.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kulathumani , V. , Arora , A. , Demirbas , M. , and Sridharan , M . 2006 . Trail: A distance sensitive wsn service for distributed object tracking. Tech. rep. OSU-CISRC-7\/06-TR67 , The Ohio State University . Kulathumani, V., Arora, A., Demirbas, M., and Sridharan, M. 2006. Trail: A distance sensitive wsn service for distributed object tracking. Tech. rep. OSU-CISRC-7\/06-TR67, The Ohio State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031510"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2005.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/570738.570750"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1161089.1161122"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). 223--238","author":"Shin J.","key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"Shin , J. , Guibas , L. , and Zhao , F . 2003. A distributed algorithm for managing multi-target indentities in wireless ad hoc networks . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). 223--238 . Shin, J., Guibas, L., and Zhao, F. 2003. A distributed algorithm for managing multi-target indentities in wireless ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). 223--238."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.814926"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"Vanderbilt University. JProwler discrete event simulator for wireless networks. http:\/\/www.isis.vanderbilt.edu\/Projects\/nest\/jprowler\/index.html.  Vanderbilt University. JProwler discrete event simulator for wireless networks. http:\/\/www.isis.vanderbilt.edu\/Projects\/nest\/jprowler\/index.html."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1498915.1498921","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1498915.1498921","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:38:39Z","timestamp":1750253919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1498915.1498921"}},"subtitle":["A distance-sensitive sensor network service for distributed object tracking"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1498915.1498921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1498915.1498921","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4859"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4867"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-04-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}