{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:34:36Z","timestamp":1750307676569,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            While navigation within complex information spaces is a problem for all users, the problem is most evident with individuals who are blind who cannot simply locate, point, and click on a link in hypertext documents with a mouse. Users who are blind have to listen searching for the link in the document using only the keyboard and a screen reader program, which may be particularly inefficient in large documents with many links or deep hierarchies that are hard to navigate. Consequently, they are especially penalized when the information being searched is hidden under multiple layers of indirections. In this article, we introduce a\n            <jats:italic>segment-enrich-annotate<\/jats:italic>\n            (SEA) paradigm for adapting digital content with deep structures for improved accessibility. In particular, we instantiate and evaluate this paradigm through the iCare-Assistant, an assistive system for helping students who are blind in accessing Web and electronic course materials. Our evaluations, involving the participation of students who are blind, showed that the iCare-Assistant system, built based on the SEA paradigm, reduces the navigational overhead significantly and enables user who are blind access complex online course servers effectively.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1508850.1508853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]],"date-time":"2009-05-19T16:47:42Z","timestamp":1242751662000},"page":"1-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SEA"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"K. Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Candan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet E.","family":"D\u00f6nderler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri","family":"Hedgpeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Sapino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/860435.860493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Combining Intelligent and Adaptive Hypermedia Methods\/Techniques in Web-Based Education Systems. 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In Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 2006 Workshop on Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech. Arguello, J. and Rose, C. 2006. Topic segmentation of dialogue. In Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 2006 Workshop on Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering. 6--12","author":"Armstrong R.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Armstrong , R. , Freitag , D. , Joachims , T. , and Mitchell , T . 1995. Webwatcher: A learning apprentice for the World Wide Web . In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering. 6--12 . Armstrong, R., Freitag, D., Joachims, T., and Mitchell, T. 1995. Webwatcher: A learning apprentice for the World Wide Web. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering. 6--12."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering from Heterogeneous, Distributed Environments.","author":"Balananovic M.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Balananovic , M. and Shoham , Y . 1995. Learning information retrieval agents: Experiments with automated Web browsing . In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering from Heterogeneous, Distributed Environments. Balananovic, M. and Shoham, Y. 1995. Learning information retrieval agents: Experiments with automated Web browsing. 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In Proceedings of the SPIE\/IS&T International Symposium Electronic Imaging. Vol. 2664 . 170--179. Boreczk, J. S. and Rowe, L. A. 1996. Comparison of video shot boundary detection techniques. In Proceedings of the SPIE\/IS&T International Symposium Electronic Imaging. Vol. 2664. 170--179."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Online engineering education: Learning anywhere, anytime","volume":"94","author":"Bourne J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bourne , J. , Harris , D. , and Mayadas , F. 2005 . Online engineering education: Learning anywhere, anytime . J. Eng. Educat. 94 , 1 (Jan), 131--146. Bourne, J., Harris, D., and Mayadas, F. 2005. Online engineering education: Learning anywhere, anytime. J. Eng. Educat. 94, 1 (Jan), 131--146.","journal-title":"J. Eng. 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