{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:35:35Z","timestamp":1750307735070,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dependency parsing has become increasingly popular for a surge of interest lately for applications such as machine translation and question answering. Currently, several supervised learning methods can be used for training high-performance dependency parsers if sufficient labeled data are available.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>However, currently used statistical dependency parsers provide poor results for words separated by long distances. In order to solve this problem, this article presents an effective dependency parsing approach of incorporating short dependency information from unlabeled data. The unlabeled data is automatically parsed by using a deterministic dependency parser, which exhibits a relatively high performance for short dependencies between words. We then train another parser that uses the information on short dependency relations extracted from the output of the first parser. The proposed approach achieves an unlabeled attachment score of 86.52%, an absolute 1.24% improvement over the baseline system on the Chinese Treebank data set. The results indicate that the proposed approach improves the parsing performance for longer distance words.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1568292.1568293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T17:52:59Z","timestamp":1251827579000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Using Short Dependency Relations from Auto-Parsed Data for Chinese Dependency Parsing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wenliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Uchimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Isahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/974147.974178"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906)","author":"Buchholz S.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Buchholz , S. and Marsi , E . 2006. CoNLL-X shared task on multilingual dependency parsing . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906) . Buchholz, S. and Marsi, E. 2006. CoNLL-X shared task on multilingual dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines. Software","author":"Chang C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chang , C. and Lin , C . 2001 . LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines. Software available at http:\/\/www.csie.ntu.edu.tw\/cjlin\/libsvm. Chang, C. and Lin, C. 2001. LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines. Software available at http:\/\/www.csie.ntu.edu.tw\/cjlin\/libsvm."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Association of Computer Linguistics Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing (ACL-SIGHAN\u201905)","author":"Cheng Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Cheng , Y. , Asahara , M. , and Matsumoto , Y . 2005a. Chinese deterministic dependency analyzer: Examining effects of global features and root node finder . In Proceedings of the Association of Computer Linguistics Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing (ACL-SIGHAN\u201905) . Cheng, Y., Asahara, M., and Matsumoto, Y. 2005a. Chinese deterministic dependency analyzer: Examining effects of global features and root node finder. In Proceedings of the Association of Computer Linguistics Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing (ACL-SIGHAN\u201905)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume":"1","author":"Cheng Y.","unstructured":"Cheng , Y. , Asahara , M. , and Matsumoto , Y. 2005b. Machine learning-based dependency analyzer for Chinese. J. Chinese Lang. Comput. 1 3--24. Cheng, Y., Asahara, M., and Matsumoto, Y. 2005b. Machine learning-based dependency analyzer for Chinese. J. Chinese Lang. Comput. 13--24.","journal-title":"Chinese. J. Chinese Lang. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1219840.1219907"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907)","author":"Hall J.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Hall , J. , Nilsson , J. , Nivre , J. , Eryigit , G. , Megyesi , B. , Nilsson , M. , and Saers , M . 2007. Single malt or blended? A study in multilingual parser optimization . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907) . 933--939. Hall, J., Nilsson, J., Nivre, J., Eryigit, G., Megyesi, B., Nilsson, M., and Saers, M. 2007. Single malt or blended? A study in multilingual parser optimization. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907). 933--939."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220835.1220858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220218"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906)","author":"McDonald R.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"McDonald , R. , Lerman , K. , and Pereira , F . 2006. Multilingual dependency analysis with a two-stage discriminative parser . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906) . McDonald, R., Lerman, K., and Pereira, F. 2006. Multilingual dependency analysis with a two-stage discriminative parser. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907)","author":"McDonald R.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"McDonald , R. and Nivre , J . 2007. Characterizing the errors of data-driven dependency parsing models . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907) . 122--131. McDonald, R. and Nivre, J. 2007. Characterizing the errors of data-driven dependency parsing models. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907). 122--131."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Association of Computer Learning (ACL\u201907)","author":"Nakagawa T.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Nakagawa , T. and Uchimoto , K . 2007. A hybrid approach to word segmentation and pos tagging . In Proceedings of the Association of Computer Learning (ACL\u201907) . 217--220. Nakagawa, T. and Uchimoto, K. 2007. A hybrid approach to word segmentation and pos tagging. In Proceedings of the Association of Computer Learning (ACL\u201907). 217--220."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201903)","author":"Nivre J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nivre , J. 2003 . An efficient algorithm for projective dependency parsing . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201903) . 149--160. Nivre, J. 2003. An efficient algorithm for projective dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201903). 149--160."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907)","author":"Nivre J.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Nivre , J. , Hall , J. , K\u00fcbler , S. , McDonald , R. , Nilsson , J. , Riedel , S. , and Yuret , D . 2007. The CoNLL 2007 shared task on dependency parsing . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907) . 915--932. Nivre, J., Hall, J., K\u00fcbler, S., McDonald, R., Nilsson, J., Riedel, S., and Yuret, D. 2007. The CoNLL 2007 shared task on dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907). 915--932."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906)","author":"Nivre J.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Nivre , J. , Hall , J. , Nilsson , J. , Eryigit , G. , and Marinov , S . 2006. Labeled pseudo-projective dependency parsing with support vector machines . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906) . Nivre, J., Hall, J., Nilsson, J., Eryigit, G., and Marinov, S. 2006. Labeled pseudo-projective dependency parsing with support vector machines. In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL\u201906)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Linguistics (COLING\u201906)","author":"Nivre J.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Nivre , J. and Kubler , S . 2006. Dependency parsing: Tutorial at COLING-ACL 2006 . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Linguistics (COLING\u201906) . Nivre, J. and Kubler, S. 2006. Dependency parsing: Tutorial at COLING-ACL 2006. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Linguistics (COLING\u201906)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Computer Learning (ACL\u201907)","author":"Reichart R.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Reichart , R. and Rappoport , A . 2007. Self-training for enhancement and domain adaptation of statistical parsers trained on small datasets . In Proceedings of the Association for Computer Learning (ACL\u201907) . Reichart, R. and Rappoport, A. 2007. Self-training for enhancement and domain adaptation of statistical parsers trained on small datasets. In Proceedings of the Association for Computer Learning (ACL\u201907)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907)","author":"Sagae K.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Sagae , K. and Tsujii , J . 2007. Dependency parsing and domain adaptation with LR models and parser ensembles . In Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning Shared Task Session of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-CoNLL\u201907) . 1044--1050. Sagae, K. and Tsujii, J. 2007. Dependency parsing and domain adaptation with LR models and parser ensembles. 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In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201905)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201903)","author":"Yamada H.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Yamada , H. and Matsumoto , Y . 2003. Statistical dependency analysis with support vector machines . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201903) . 195--206. Yamada, H. and Matsumoto, Y. 2003. Statistical dependency analysis with support vector machines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT\u201903). 195--206."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT\u201907)","author":"Yu K.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Yu , K. , Kurohashi , S. , and Liu , H . 2007. A three-step deterministic parser for Chinese dependency parsing . In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT\u201907) . 201--204. Yu, K., Kurohashi, S., and Liu, H. 2007. A three-step deterministic parser for Chinese dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT\u201907). 201--204."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1568292.1568293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1568292.1568293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:38:48Z","timestamp":1750253928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1568292.1568293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1568292.1568293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1568292.1568293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-0226","1558-3430"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-0226"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-3430"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}