{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T16:57:02Z","timestamp":1765040222388,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000145","name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-0121084IIS-0745131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-0121084IIS-0745131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most head-mounted displays (HMDs) suffer from substantial optical distortion, and vendor-supplied specifications for field-of-view often are at variance with reality. Unless corrected, such displays do not present perspective-related visual cues in a geometrically correct manner. Distorted geometry has the potential to affect applications of HMDs, which depend on precise spatial perception. This article provides empirical evidence for the degree to which common geometric distortions affect one type of spatial judgment in virtual environments. We show that minification or magnification in the HMD that would occur from misstated HMD field of view causes significant changes in distance judgments. Incorrectly calibrated pitch and pincushion distortion, however, do not cause statistically significant changes in distance judgments for the degree of distortions examined. While the means for determining the optical distortion of display systems are well known, they are often not used in non-see-through HMDs due to problems in measuring and correcting for distortion. As a result, we also provide practical guidelines for creating geometrically calibrated systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1577755.1577762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T17:52:59Z","timestamp":1251827579000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["HMD calibration and its effects on distance judgments"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Kuhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}]},{"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Creem-Regehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","article-title":"Real-time lens distortion correction: 3D video graphics cards are good for more than games. Stanford","author":"Bax M. R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bax , M. R. 2004 . Real-time lens distortion correction: 3D video graphics cards are good for more than games. Stanford Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. Res. J. Bax, M. R. 2004. Real-time lens distortion correction: 3D video graphics cards are good for more than games. Stanford Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. Res. J.","journal-title":"Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. Res. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/7.9.1028"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Information Display. Society for Information Display","author":"Ellis S. R.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Ellis , S. R. and Nemire , K . 1993. A subjective technique for calibration of lines of sight in closed virtual environment viewing systems . In Proceedings of the Society for Information Display. Society for Information Display , Campbell, CA. Ellis, S. R. and Nemire, K. 1993. A subjective technique for calibration of lines of sight in closed virtual environment viewing systems. In Proceedings of the Society for Information Display. Society for Information Display, Campbell, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000590"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR'02)","author":"Genc Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Genc , Y. , Tuceryan , M. , and Navab , N . 2002. Practical solutions for calibration of optical see-through devices . In Proceedings of the 1st IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR'02) . IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. Genc, Y., Tuceryan, M., and Navab, N. 2002. Practical solutions for calibration of optical see-through devices. In Proceedings of the 1st IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR'02). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.05.015"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Perception and Action (Studies in Perception and Action IV). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates","author":"Grutzmacher R. P.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Grutzmacher , R. P. , Andre , J. T. , and Owens , D. A . 1997. Gaze inclination: A source of ocolomotor information for distance perception . In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Perception and Action (Studies in Perception and Action IV). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Hillsdale, NJ, 229--232. Grutzmacher, R. P., Andre, J. T., and Owens, D. A. 1997. Gaze inclination: A source of ocolomotor information for distance perception. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Perception and Action (Studies in Perception and Action IV). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 229--232."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1402236.1402241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140491.1140494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1394281.1394284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loomis J. M. and Knapp J. 2003. Visual perception of egocentric distance in real and virtual environments. In Virtual and Adaptive Environments L. J. Hettinger and M. W. Haas Eds. Erlbaum Mahwah NJ 21--46.  Loomis J. M. and Knapp J. 2003. Visual perception of egocentric distance in real and virtual environments. In Virtual and Adaptive Environments L. J. Hettinger and M. W. Haas Eds. 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IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 75--84."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1077399.1077403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140491.1140493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35102562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1996.5.3.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2870721.2870726"},{"volume-title":"Perception of Space and Motion","author":"Rogers S.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Rogers , S. 1995. Perceiving pictorial space . In Perception of Space and Motion , W. Epstein and S. Rogers, Eds. Academic Press , San Diego, CA , 119--163. Rogers, S. 1995. Perceiving pictorial space. In Perception of Space and Motion, W. Epstein and S. Rogers, Eds. 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A. and Hodges, L. F. 1995. Using texture maps to correct for optical distortion in head-mounted displays. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 172--178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.159901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498700.1498702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.17.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565640"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1577755.1577762","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1577755.1577762","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:22:35Z","timestamp":1750278155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1577755.1577762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1577755.1577762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1577755.1577762","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1544-3558"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1544-3965"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-09-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}