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The objective function includes terms for power minimization, angular momentum minimization, and minimal head motion, among others. Together these terms produce a number of important features of natural walking, including active toe-off, near-passive knee swing, and leg extension during swing. We explain the specific form of our objective criteria, and show the importance of each term to walking style. We demonstrate optimized controllers for walking with different speeds, variation in body shape, and in ground slope.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T20:53:14Z","timestamp":1260305594000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Optimizing walking controllers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jack M.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Fleet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Hertzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Principles of Animal Locomotion","author":"Alexander R. 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