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This paper introduces a taxonomy of strategies for GPU virtualization and describes in detail the specific GPU virtualization architecture developed for VMware's hosted products (VMware Workstation and VMware Fusion).<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We analyze the performance of our GPU virtualization with a combination of applications and microbenchmarks. We also compare against software rendering, the GPU virtualization in Parallels Desktop 3.0, and the native GPU. We find that taking advantage of hardware acceleration significantly closes the gap between pure emulation and native, but that different implementations and host graphics stacks show distinct variation. The microbenchmarks show that our architecture amplifies the overheads in the traditional graphics API bottlenecks: draw calls, downloading buffers, and batch sizes.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Our virtual GPU architecture runs modern graphics-intensive games and applications at interactive frame rates while preserving virtual machine portability. The applications we tested achieve from 86% to 12% of native rates and 43 to 18 frames per second with VMware Fusion 2.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1618525.1618534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]],"date-time":"2009-09-22T14:09:47Z","timestamp":1253628587000},"page":"73-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["GPU virtualization on VMware's hosted I\/O architecture"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Micah","family":"Dowty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VMware, Inc., Palo Alto, CA"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Sugerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VMware, Inc., Palo Alto, CA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1535\/itj.1003.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1168917.1168860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"AMD developer guides and manuals. http:\/\/developer.amd.com\/documentation\/guides\/Pages\/default.aspx.  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