{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:33:25Z","timestamp":1759336405658,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]],"date-time":"2009-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1248998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual machine migration greatly aids management by allowing flexible provisioning of resources and decommissioning of hardware for maintenance. However, efforts to improve network performance by granting virtual machines direct access to hardware currently prevent migration. This occurs because (1) theVMMcannot migrate the state of the device, and (2) the source and destination machines may have different network devices, requiring different drivers to run in the migrated virtual machine.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this paper, we describe a lightweight software mechanism for migrating virtual machines with direct hardware access. We base our solution on shadow drivers, an agent in the guest OS kernel that efficiently captures and restores the state of a device driver. On the source machine, the shadow driver monitors the state of the driver and device. After migration, the shadow driver uses this information to configure a driver for the corresponding device on the destination machine. We implement shadow driver migration for Linux network drivers running on the Xen hypervisor. Shadow driver migration requires a migration downtime similar to the driver initialization time, short enough to avoid disrupting active TCP connections. We find that the performance overhead, compared to direct hardware access, is negligible and is much lower than using a virtual NIC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1618525.1618536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]],"date-time":"2009-09-22T14:09:47Z","timestamp":1253628587000},"page":"95-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Live migration of direct-access devices"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Asim","family":"Kadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1535\/itj.1003.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Advanced Micro Devices Inc. AMD I\/O virtualization technology (IOMMU) specification. www.amd.com\/us-en\/assets\/content type\/white papers and tech docs\/34434.pdf February 2007. Publication # 34434.  Advanced Micro Devices Inc. AMD I\/O virtualization technology (IOMMU) specification. www.amd.com\/us-en\/assets\/content type\/white papers and tech docs\/34434.pdf February 2007. Publication # 34434."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1251203.1251223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Information Networks Division. Netperf: A network performance benchmark. http:\/\/www.netperf.org.  Information Networks Division. Netperf: A network performance benchmark. http:\/\/www.netperf.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Operating System and Architectural Support for the On-Demand IT Infrastructure","author":"Fraser Keir","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keir Fraser , Steven Hand , Rolf Neugebauer , Ian Pratt , Andrew Warfield , and Mark Williamson . Safe hardware access with the Xen virtual machine monitor . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Operating System and Architectural Support for the On-Demand IT Infrastructure , October 2004 . Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, Rolf Neugebauer, Ian Pratt, Andrew Warfield, and Mark Williamson. Safe hardware access with the Xen virtual machine monitor. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Operating System and Architectural Support for the On-Demand IT Infrastructure, October 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1183401.1183421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/832315.837557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"International Workshop on Virtualization Technology (IWVT'08)","author":"Liu Pengcheng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pengcheng Liu , Ziye Yang , Xiang Song , Yixun Zhou , Haibo Chen , and Binyu Zang . Heterogeneous live migration of virtual machines . In International Workshop on Virtualization Technology (IWVT'08) , 2008 . Pengcheng Liu, Ziye Yang, Xiang Song, Yixun Zhou, Haibo Chen, and Binyu Zang. Heterogeneous live migration of virtual machines. In International Workshop on Virtualization Technology (IWVT'08), 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"VMWORLD","author":"Mahalingam Mallik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mallik Mahalingam . I\/o architectures for virtualization . In VMWORLD , 2006 . Mallik Mahalingam. I\/o architectures for virtualization. In VMWORLD, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 USENIX ATC","author":"Menonand Aravind","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aravind Menonand , Alan L. Cox , and Willy Zwaenepoel . Optimizing network virtualization in Xen . In Proceedings of the 2006 USENIX ATC , pages 15 -- 28 , May 2006 . Aravind Menonand, Alan L. Cox, and Willy Zwaenepoel. Optimizing network virtualization in Xen. In Proceedings of the 2006 USENIX ATC, pages 15--28, May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1247360.1247385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"KVM: Kernel-based virtualization driver. www.qumranet.com\/wp\/kvm wp.pdf","author":"Qumranet Inc.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Qumranet Inc. KVM: Kernel-based virtualization driver. www.qumranet.com\/wp\/kvm wp.pdf , 2006 . Qumranet Inc. KVM: Kernel-based virtualization driver. www.qumranet.com\/wp\/kvm wp.pdf, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Quramnet Inc. KVM: Migrating a VM. http:\/\/kvm.qumranet.com\/kvmwiki\/Migration 2008.  Quramnet Inc. KVM: Migrating a VM. http:\/\/kvm.qumranet.com\/kvmwiki\/Migration 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508293.1508303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference","author":"Santos Jose Renato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jose Renato Santos , Yoshio Turner , G. John Janakiraman , and Ian Pratt . Bridging the gap between software and hardware techniques for I\/O virtualization . In Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference , 2008 . Jose Renato Santos, Yoshio Turner, G. John Janakiraman, and Ian Pratt. Bridging the gap between software and hardware techniques for I\/O virtualization. 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