{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:31:06Z","timestamp":1773390666228,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAAD190320026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAAD190320026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAAL0197K0135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAAL0197K0135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAAD190310202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAAD190310202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Logic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Real-world use of RDF requires the ability to transparently represent and explain metadata associated with RDF triples. For example, when RDF triples are extracted automatically by information extraction programs, there is a need to represent where the triples came from, what their temporal validity is, and how certain we are that the triple is correct. Today, there is no theoretically clean and practically scalable mechanism that spans these different needs - reification is the only solution propose to date, and its implementations have been ugly. In this paper, we present\n            <jats:italic>Annotated RDF<\/jats:italic>\n            (or aRDF for short) in which RDF triples are annotated by members of a partially ordered set (with bottom element) that can be selected in any way desired by the user. We present a formal declarative semantics (model theory) for annotated RDF and develop algorithms to check consistency of aRDF theories and to answer queries to aRDF theories. We show that annotated RDF supports users who need to think about the uncertainty, temporal aspects, and provenance of the RDF triples in an RDF database. We develop a prototype aRDF implementation and show that our algorithms work efficiently even on real world data sets containing over 10 million triples.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1656242.1656245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]],"date-time":"2010-01-19T20:14:58Z","timestamp":1263932098000},"page":"1-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Annotated RDF"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Octavian","family":"Udrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego Reforgiato","family":"Recupero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. S.","family":"Subrahmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Cultural Dynamics. AAAI Press, 2--8.","author":"Albanese M.","unstructured":"Albanese , M. and Subrahmanian , V . 2007. T-REX: A System for Automated Cultural Information Extraction . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Cultural Dynamics. AAAI Press, 2--8. Albanese, M. and Subrahmanian, V. 2007. T-REX: A System for Automated Cultural Information Extraction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Cultural Dynamics. AAAI Press, 2--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Handbook on Ontologies","author":"Antoniou G.","unstructured":"Antoniou , G. and van Harmelen , F. 2004. Web ontology language: Owl . In Handbook on Ontologies . Springer-Verlag , 67--92. Antoniou, G. and van Harmelen, F. 2004. Web ontology language: Owl. In Handbook on Ontologies. Springer-Verlag, 67--92."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS'96)","author":"Bonatti P. A.","unstructured":"Bonatti , P. A. , Sapino , M. L. , and Subrahmanian , V. S . 1996. Merging heterogeneous security orderings . In Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS'96) . Springer-Verlag, 183--197. Bonatti, P. A., Sapino, M. L., and Subrahmanian, V. S. 1996. Merging heterogeneous security orderings. In Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS'96). Springer-Verlag, 183--197."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Logic Programming. Springer-Verlag, 428--429","author":"Cal\u00ec A.","unstructured":"Cal\u00ec , A. and Lukasiewicz , T . 2007. Tightly integrated probabilistic description logic programs for the semantic web . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logic Programming. Springer-Verlag, 428--429 . Cal\u00ec, A. and Lukasiewicz, T. 2007. Tightly integrated probabilistic description logic programs for the semantic web. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logic Programming. Springer-Verlag, 428--429."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(01)00295-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528139408953789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois D. Mengin J. and Prade H. 2006. Possibilistic uncertainty and fuzzy features in description logic. a preliminary discussion. In Fuzzy Logic and the Semantic Web E. Sanchez Ed. Elsevier 101--113.  Dubois D. Mengin J. and Prade H. 2006. Possibilistic uncertainty and fuzzy features in description logic. a preliminary discussion. In Fuzzy Logic and the Semantic Web E. Sanchez Ed. Elsevier 101--113.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-9576(06)80008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-007-0100-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(91)90014-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/367766.368168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11575801_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2003.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/310709"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11431053_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11890850_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 180--183","author":"Hlaoui A.","unstructured":"Hlaoui , A. and Wang , S . 2002. A new algorithm for inexact graph matching . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 180--183 . Hlaoui, A. and Wang, S. 2002. A new algorithm for inexact graph matching. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 180--183."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2005.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/371920.372166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/511446.511524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(92)90007-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.2000.1713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2003.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00712385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. 285--293","author":"Lu J. J.","unstructured":"Lu , J. J. , Murray , N. V. , Radjavi , H. , Rosenthal , E. , and Rosenthal , P . 2002. Inference for annotated logics over distributive lattices . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. 285--293 . Lu, J. J., Murray, N. V., Radjavi, H., Rosenthal, E., and Rosenthal, P. 2002. Inference for annotated logics over distributive lattices. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. 285--293."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR). 289--298","author":"Lukasiewicz T.","unstructured":"Lukasiewicz , T. and Straccia , U . 2007. Tightly integrated fuzzy description logic programs under the answer set semantics for the semantic web . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR). 289--298 . Lukasiewicz, T. and Straccia, U. 2007. Tightly integrated fuzzy description logic programs under the answer set semantics for the semantic web. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR). 289--298."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242782"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference.","author":"Magkanaraki A.","unstructured":"Magkanaraki , A. , Tannen , V. , Christophides , V. , Plexousakis , D. , Scholl , M. , and Tolle , R . 2003. Viewing the semantic web with rvl lenses . In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference. Magkanaraki, A., Tannen, V., Christophides, V., Plexousakis, D., Scholl, M., and Tolle, R. 2003. Viewing the semantic web with rvl lenses. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357162.357169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web. 12--22","author":"Mazzieri M.","unstructured":"Mazzieri , M. and Dragoni , A. F . 2005. A fuzzy semantics for semantic web languages . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web. 12--22 . Mazzieri, M. and Dragoni, A. F. 2005. A fuzzy semantics for semantic web languages. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web. 12--22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11926078_42"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11431053_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11762256_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(99)00219-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Databases, Documents, and Information Fusion.","author":"Volz R.","unstructured":"Volz , R. , Oberle , D. , and Studer , R . 2002. Towards views in the semantic web . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Databases, Documents, and Information Fusion. Volz, R., Oberle, D., and Studer, R. 2002. Towards views in the semantic web. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Databases, Documents, and Information Fusion."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computational Logic"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1656242.1656245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1656242.1656245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1750250478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1656242.1656245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1656242.1656245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1656242.1656245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-3785","1557-945X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-3785","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-945X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}