{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:02:50Z","timestamp":1791237770032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NGA","award":["NEGI-1582-04-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NEGI-1582-04-0004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-06-1-0734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-06-1-0734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000145","name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS 0747120IIS-0413232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS 0747120IIS-0413232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recognizing objects in images is an active area of research in computer vision. In the last two decades, there has been much progress and there are already object recognition systems operating in commercial products. However, most of the algorithms for detecting objects perform an exhaustive search across all locations and scales in the image comparing local image regions with an object model. That approach ignores the semantic structure of scenes and tries to solve the recognition problem by brute force. In the real world, objects tend to covary with other objects, providing a rich collection of contextual associations. These contextual associations can be used to reduce the search space by looking only in places in which the object is expected to be; this also increases performance, by rejecting patterns that look like the target but appear in unlikely places.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Most modeling attempts so far have defined the context of an object in terms of other previously recognized objects. The drawback of this approach is that inferring the context becomes as difficult as detecting each object. An alternative view of context relies on using the entire scene information holistically. This approach is algorithmically attractive since it dispenses with the need for a prior step of individual object recognition. In this paper, we use a probabilistic framework for encoding the relationships between context and object properties and we show how an integrated system provides improved performance. We view this as a significant step toward general purpose machine vision systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1666420.1666446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,2]],"date-time":"2010-03-02T19:20:32Z","timestamp":1267557632000},"page":"107-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Using the forest to see the trees"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Torralba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. P.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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In Advances in Neural Information Proceedings Systems ( 2003 ). Murphy, K., Torralba, A., Freeman, W. Using the forest to see the trees: a graphical model relating features, objects and scenes. In Advances in Neural Information Proceedings Systems (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011139631724"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2007.4408986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Richard X.H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richard , X.H. , Zemel , R.S. , Carreiraperpinan , M.A. Multiscale conditional random fields for image labeling . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ( 2004 ), 695--702. Richard, X.H., Zemel, R.S., Carreiraperpinan, M.A. Multiscale conditional random fields for image labeling. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2004), 695--702."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0090-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.99238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023052124951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Proceedings Systems","author":"Torralba A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Torralba , A. , Murphy , K. , Freeman , W. Contextual models for object detection using boosted random fields . In Advances in Neural Information Proceedings Systems ( 2004 ). Torralba, A., Murphy, K., Freeman, W. Contextual models for object detection using boosted random fields. 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