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Clearly, even when network architectures are designed from scratch, they have to evolve as their environment (i.e., technological constraints, service requirements, applications, economic conditions, etc) always changes. A key question then is: what makes a network architecture evolvable? What determines the ability of a network architecture to evolve as its environment changes? In this paper, we review some relevant ideas about evolvability from the biological literature. We examine the role of robustness and modularity in evolution, and their relation with evolvability. We also discuss evolutionary kernels and punctuated equilibria, two important concepts that may be relevant to the so-called ossification of the core Internet protocols. Finally, we examine optimality, a design objective that is often of primary interest in engineering but that does not seem to be abundant in biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1764873.1764886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]],"date-time":"2010-04-12T18:13:20Z","timestamp":1271096000000},"page":"72-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evolvable network architectures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Constantine","family":"Dovrolis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Todd","family":"Streelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"168","volume":"397","author":"Alon U.","year":"1999","unstructured":"U. Alon , M. G. Surette , N. Barkai , and S. Leibler . Robustness in Bacterial Chemotaxis. Nature , 397 : 168 -- 171 , January 1999 . U. Alon, M. G. Surette, N. Barkai, and S. Leibler. Robustness in Bacterial Chemotaxis. Nature, 397:168--171, January 1999.","journal-title":"Robustness in Bacterial Chemotaxis. Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Gene Regulatory Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans. Science, 311:796--800","author":"Davidson E. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"E. H. Davidson and D. H. Erwin . Gene Regulatory Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans. Science, 311:796--800 , 2006 . E. H. Davidson and D. H. 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The MIT Press, 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35018085"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1764873.1764886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1764873.1764886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:39:44Z","timestamp":1750246784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1764873.1764886"}},"subtitle":["what can we learn from biology?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,9]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1764873.1764886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1764873.1764886","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4833","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-04-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}