{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:27:44Z","timestamp":1761611264030,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,18]],"date-time":"2008-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1213747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5005-67322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5005-67322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy harvesting (also known as energy scavenging) is the process of generating electrical energy from environmental energy sources. There exists a variety of different energy sources such as solar energy, kinetic energy, or thermal energy. In recent years, this term has been frequently applied in the context of small autonomous devices such as wireless sensor nodes. In this article, a framework for energy management in energy harvesting embedded systems is presented. As a possible scenario, we focus on wireless sensor nodes that are powered by solar cells. We demonstrate that classical power management solutions have to be reconceived and\/or new problems arise if perpetual operation of the system is required. In particular, we provide a set of algorithms and methods for various application scenarios, including real-time scheduling, application rate control, as well as reward maximization. The goal is to optimize the performance of the application subject to given energy constraints. Our methods optimize the system performance which, for example, allows the usage of smaller solar cells and smaller batteries. Furthermore, we show how to dimension important system parameters like the minimum battery capacity or a sufficient prediction horizon. Our theoretical results are supported by simulations using long-term measurements of solar energy in an outdoor environment. In contrast to previous works, we present a formal framework which is able to capture the performance, the parameters, and the energy model of various energy harvesting systems. We combine different viewpoints, include corresponding simulation results, and provide a thorough discussion of implementation aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1773814.1773818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,15]],"date-time":"2010-06-15T13:10:58Z","timestamp":1276607458000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An energy management framework for energy harvesting embedded systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Clemens","family":"Moser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Z\u00fcrich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jian-Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Z\u00fcrich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Z\u00fcrich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Berner Fachhochschule. 2007. Bern University of Applied Sciences Engineering and Information Technologies Photovoltaic Lab: Recordings of solar light intensity at Mont Soleil from 01\/01\/2002 to 31\/09\/2006. www.pvtest.ch.  Berner Fachhochschule. 2007. Bern University of Applied Sciences Engineering and Information Technologies Photovoltaic Lab: Recordings of solar light intensity at Mont Soleil from 01\/01\/2002 to 31\/09\/2006. www.pvtest.ch."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1009383.1009835"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'99)","author":"Aydin H.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTA.0000004869.66331.5c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2009.2015690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2005.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.508319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2006.874230"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Hsu J. Kansal A. Friedman J. Raghunathan V. and Srivastava M. 2005. Energy harvesting support for sensor networks. In SPOTS track at Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05).  Hsu J. Kansal A. Friedman J. Raghunathan V. and Srivastava M. 2005. Energy harvesting support for sensor networks. In SPOTS track at Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"IEEE. 2006. Tmote sky\u2014Ultra low power. IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant Wireless Sensor Module Datasheet.  IEEE. 2006. Tmote sky\u2014Ultra low power. IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant Wireless Sensor Module Datasheet."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05)","author":"Jiang X.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1274858.1274870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvasnica M. Grieder P. and Baoti\u0107 M. 2004. Multi-Parametric Toolbox (MPT).  Kvasnica M. Grieder P. and Baoti\u0107 M. 2004. Multi-Parametric Toolbox (MPT).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24743-2_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.76287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11241-007-9027-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2008.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1529282.1529653"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1594233.1594338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2009.158"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE'07)","author":"Moser C.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1403375.1403431"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05)","author":"Polastre J.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23th Real-Time System Symposium. 246--255","author":"Rusu C.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS'03)","author":"Rusu C.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0220035"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'07)","author":"Vigorito C. 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