{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:24:37Z","timestamp":1780485877405,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SSDs exhibit very different failure characteristics compared to hard drives. In particular, the bit error rate (BER) of an SSD climbs as it receives more writes. As a result, RAID arrays composed from SSDs are subject to correlated failures. By balancing writes evenly across the array, RAID schemes can wear out devices at similar times. When a device in the array fails towards the end of its lifetime, the high BER of the remaining devices can result in data loss. We propose Diff-RAID, a parity-based redundancy solution that creates an age differential in an array of SSDs. Diff-RAID distributes parity blocks unevenly across the array, leveraging their higher update rate to age devices at different rates. To maintain this age differential when old devices are replaced by new ones, Diff-RAID reshuffles the parity distribution on each drive replacement. We evaluate Diff-RAID's reliability by using real BER data from 12 flash chips on a simulator and show that it is more reliable than RAID-5, in some cases by multiple orders of magnitude. We also evaluate Diff-RAID's performance using a software implementation on a 5-device array of 80 GB Intel X25-M SSDs and show that it offers a trade-off between throughput and reliability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1807060.1807061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T14:10:03Z","timestamp":1280239803000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Differential RAID"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, La Avenida, Mountain View, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Kadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayan","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, La Avenida, Mountain View, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahlia","family":"Malkhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, La Avenida, Mountain View, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629575.1629577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Bitar R. 2008. Deploying hybrid storage pools with sun flash technology and the solaris zfs file system. Tech. rep. SUN-820-5881-10 Sun Microsystems.  Bitar R. 2008. Deploying hybrid storage pools with sun flash technology and the solaris zfs file system. Tech. rep. SUN-820-5881-10 Sun Microsystems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage (HotStorage).","author":"Desnoyers P.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Desnoyers , P. 2009 . Empirical evaluation of NAND flash memory performance . In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage (HotStorage). Desnoyers, P. 2009. Empirical evaluation of NAND flash memory performance. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage (HotStorage)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Fusion-io. MySpace Case Study. http:\/\/www.fusionio.com\/case-studies\/myspace-case-study.pdf.  Fusion-io. MySpace Case Study. http:\/\/www.fusionio.com\/case-studies\/myspace-case-study.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Dependability (HotDep).","author":"Greenan K. M.","unstructured":"Greenan , K. M. , Long , D. D. , Miller , E. L. , Schwarz , T. J. E. , and Wildani , A . 2009. Building flexible, fault-tolerant flash-based storage systems . In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Dependability (HotDep). Greenan, K. M., Long, D. D., Miller, E. L., Schwarz, T. J. E., and Wildani, A. 2009. Building flexible, fault-tolerant flash-based storage systems. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Dependability (HotDep)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1669112.1669118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Why RAID-5 stops working","author":"Harris R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris , R. 2007. Why RAID-5 stops working in 2009 . http:\/\/blogs.zdnet.com\/storage\/?p=162. Harris, R. 2007. Why RAID-5 stops working in 2009. http:\/\/blogs.zdnet.com\/storage\/?p=162."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Hutsell W. An In-depth look at the RamSan-500 cached flash solid state disk. http:\/\/www.texmemsys.com\/files\/f000233.pdf.  Hutsell W. An In-depth look at the RamSan-500 cached flash solid state disk. http:\/\/www.texmemsys.com\/files\/f000233.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Intel Corporation. Intel X18-M\/X25-M SATA Solid State Drive. http:\/\/download.intel.com\/design\/flash\/nand\/mainstream\/mainstream-satassd-datasheet.pdf.  Intel Corporation. Intel X18-M\/X25-M SATA Solid State Drive. http:\/\/download.intel.com\/design\/flash\/nand\/mainstream\/mainstream-satassd-datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage (HotStorage).","author":"Kadav A.","unstructured":"Kadav , A. , Balakrishnan , M. , Prabhakaran , V. , and Malkhi , D . 2009. Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability . In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage (HotStorage). Kadav, A., Balakrishnan, M., Prabhakaran, V., and Malkhi, D. 2009. Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage (HotStorage)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1367829.1367830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). 9--19","author":"Mielke N.","unstructured":"Mielke , N. , Marquart , T. , Wu , N. , Kessenich , J. , Belgal , H. , Schares , E. , Trivedi , F. , Goodness , E. , and Nevill , L. R . 2008. Bit error rate in NAND flash memories . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). 9--19 . Mielke, N., Marquart, T., Wu, N., Kessenich, J., Belgal, H., Schares, E., Trivedi, F., Goodness, E., and Nevill, L. R. 2008. Bit error rate in NAND flash memories. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). 9--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1519065.1519081"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1807060.1807061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1807060.1807061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T12:17:34Z","timestamp":1750249054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1807060.1807061"}},"subtitle":["Rethinking RAID for SSD reliability"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1807060.1807061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1807060.1807061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-3093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}