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Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual characters are much in demand for animated movies, games, and other applications. Rapid advances in performance capture and advanced rendering techniques have allowed the movie industry in particular to create characters that appear very human-like. However, with these new capabilities has come the realization that such characters are yet not quite \u201cright.\u201d One possible hypothesis is that these virtual humans fall into an \u201cUncanny Valley\u201d, where the viewer's emotional response is repulsion or rejection, rather than the empathy or emotional engagement that their creators had hoped for. To explore these issues, we created three animated vignettes of an arguing couple with detailed motion for the face, eyes, hair, and body. In a set of perceptual experiments, we explore the relative importance of different anomalies using two different methods: a questionnaire to determine the emotional response to the full-length vignettes, with and without facial motion and audio; and a 2AFC (two alternative forced choice) task to compare the performance of a virtual \u201cactor\u201d in short clips (extracts from the vignettes) depicting a range of different facial and body anomalies. We found that the facial anomalies are particularly salient, even when very significant body animation anomalies are present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1823738.1823740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,22]],"date-time":"2010-07-22T18:52:11Z","timestamp":1279824731000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The saliency of anomalies in animated human characters"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University &amp; Disney Research, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"J\u00f6rg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sejong University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Mahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartneck C. Kanda T. Ishiguro H. and Hagita N. 2007. Is the uncanny valley an uncanny cliff&quest; In Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN'07). IEEE 368--373.  Bartneck C. Kanda T. Ishiguro H. and Hagita N. 2007. Is the uncanny valley an uncanny cliff&quest; In Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN'07). IEEE 368--373.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2007.4415111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1823738.1823741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2008.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory-Visual Speech Processing. 31--36","author":"Giorgolo G.","unstructured":"Giorgolo , G. and Verstraten , F . 2008. Perception of speech-and-gesture integration . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory-Visual Speech Processing. 31--36 . Giorgolo, G. and Verstraten, F. 2008. Perception of speech-and-gesture integration. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory-Visual Speech Processing. 31--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAI'05)","author":"Hanson D.","unstructured":"Hanson , D. , Olney , A. , Prilliman , S. , Mathews , E. , Zielke , M. , Hammons , D. , Fernandez , R. , and Stephanou , H . 2005. Upending the uncanny valley . In Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAI'05) . Hanson, D., Olney, A., Prilliman, S., Mathews, E., Zielke, M., Hammons, D., Fernandez, R., and Stephanou, H. 2005. Upending the uncanny valley. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAI'05)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015761"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.765325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280600843346"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Why Tom Hanks is less than human; While sensors cannot capture how humans act, humans can give life to digital characters","volume":"650","author":"Levi S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levi , S. 2004 . Why Tom Hanks is less than human; While sensors cannot capture how humans act, humans can give life to digital characters . Newsweek 650 , 305 -- 306 . Levi, S. 2004. Why Tom Hanks is less than human; While sensors cannot capture how humans act, humans can give life to digital characters. 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In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation. 259--269."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Bukimi no tani (the uncanny valley)","volume":"7","author":"Mori M.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Mori , M. 1970 . Bukimi no tani (the uncanny valley) . Energy 7 , 4, 33 -- 35 . (Translated from the Japanese by K. F. MacDorman and T. Minato). Mori, M. 1970. Bukimi no tani (the uncanny valley). Energy 7, 4, 33--35. (Translated from the Japanese by K. F. MacDorman and T. Minato).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Schneider E. Wang Y. and Yang S. 2007. Exploring the uncanny valley with japanese video game characters. In Situated Play B. Akira Ed. 546--549.  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