{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T21:27:57Z","timestamp":1773523677115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are envisioned for a number of application scenarios. Nevertheless, the few in-the-field experiences typically focus on the features of a specific system, and rarely report about the characteristics of the target environment, especially with respect to the behavior and performance of low-power wireless communication. The TRITon project, funded by our local administration, aims to improve safety and reduce maintenance costs of road tunnels, using a WSN-based control infrastructure. The access to real tunnels within TRITon gives us the opportunity to experimentally assess the peculiarities of this environment, hitherto not investigated in the WSN field. We report about three deployments: (i) an operational road tunnel, enabling us to assess the impact of vehicular traffic; (ii) a nonoperational tunnel, providing insights into analogous scenarios (e.g., underground mines) without vehicles; (iii) a vineyard, serving as a baseline representative of the existing literature. Our setup, replicated in each deployment, uses mainstream WSN hardware, and popular MAC and routing protocols. We analyze and compare the deployments with respect to reliability, stability, and asymmetry of links, the accuracy of link quality estimators, and the impact of these aspects on MAC and routing layers. Our analysis shows that a number of criteria commonly used in the design of WSN protocols do not hold in tunnels. Therefore, our results are useful for designing networking solutions operating efficiently in similar environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1824766.1824771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,14]],"date-time":"2010-09-14T14:53:08Z","timestamp":1284475988000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Not all wireless sensor networks are created equal"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Mottola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Institute of Computer Science and University of Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Pietro","family":"Picco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ceriotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruno Kessler Foundation, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u015etefan","family":"Gun\u01ce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruno Kessler Foundation, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2005.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Beckwith R.","unstructured":"Beckwith , R. , Teibel , D. , and Bowen , P . 2004. Unwired wine: Sensor networks in vineyards . In Proceedings of IEEE Sensors. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 561--564. Beckwith, R., Teibel, D., and Bowen, P. 2004. Unwired wine: Sensor networks in vineyards. In Proceedings of IEEE Sensors. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 561--564."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the RealWSN Workshop.","author":"Cheekiralla S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cheekiralla , S. 2005 . Wireless sensor network-based tunnel monitoring . In Proceedings of the RealWSN Workshop. Cheekiralla, S. 2005. Wireless sensor network-based tunnel monitoring. In Proceedings of the RealWSN Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Chipcon Tech. CC2420 Datasheet. focus.ti.com\/docs\/prod\/folders\/print\/cc2420.html. (Accessed on 1\/2010.)  Chipcon Tech. CC2420 Datasheet. focus.ti.com\/docs\/prod\/folders\/print\/cc2420.html. (Accessed on 1\/2010.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2007.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-005-1766-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"D3S Group. Comparative Study on Tunnels - Data Sets. d3s.disi.unitn.it\/tunnelvineyard.  D3S Group. Comparative Study on Tunnels - Data Sets. d3s.disi.unitn.it\/tunnelvineyard."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/844128.844143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644038.1644040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378993.379006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Lal D.","unstructured":"Lal , D. , Manjeshwar , A. , Herrmann , F. , Uysal-Biyikoglu , E. , and Keshavarzian , A . 2003. Measurement and characterization of link quality metrics in energy constrained wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the International Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 446--452. Lal, D., Manjeshwar, A., Herrmann, F., Uysal-Biyikoglu, E., and Keshavarzian, A. 2003. Measurement and characterization of link quality metrics in energy constrained wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 446--452."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498915.1498916"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/570738.570751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/560571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Mine Ventilation Congress. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.","author":"Nowak B.","unstructured":"Nowak , B. , Filek , K. , and Sinha , A . 1997. Temperature and humidity of cooled air in mining galleries . In Proceedings of the 6th International Mine Ventilation Congress. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. Nowak, B., Filek, K., and Sinha, A. 1997. Temperature and humidity of cooled air in mining galleries. In Proceedings of the 6th International Mine Ventilation Congress. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)","author":"Polastre J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polastre , J. , Szewczyk , R. , and Culler , D . 2005 . Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN) . IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA , 48. Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., and Culler, D. 2005. Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 48."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-006-6151-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1384609.1384618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1160987.1161000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Reijers N.","unstructured":"Reijers , N. , Halkes , G. , and Langendoen , K . 2004. Link layer measurements in sensor networks . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 224--234. Reijers, N., Halkes, G., and Langendoen, K. 2004. Link layer measurements in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 224--234."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Sabata A. and Brossia S. 2005. Remote monitoring of pipelines using wireless sensor network. US Patent Application 20050145018.  Sabata A. and Brossia S. 2005. Remote monitoring of pipelines using wireless sensor network. US Patent Application 20050145018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1182807.1182831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1689239.1689246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNets). emnets@eecs.harvard.edu.","author":"Srinivasan K.","unstructured":"Srinivasan , K. , and Levis , P . 2006. RSSI is under-appreciated . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNets). emnets@eecs.harvard.edu. Srinivasan, K., and Levis, P. 2006. RSSI is under-appreciated. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNets). emnets@eecs.harvard.edu."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11589-008-0464-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Sun Z.","unstructured":"Sun , Z. , and Akyildiz , I . 2008. Channel modeling of wireless networks in tunnels . In Proceedings of the International Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 158--162. Sun, Z., and Akyildiz, I. 2008. Channel modeling of wireless networks in tunnels. In Proceedings of the International Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 158--162."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2007.898414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Wireless Network Measurements. IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Thelen J.","unstructured":"Thelen , J. , Goense , D. , and Langendoen , K . 2005. Radio-wave propagation in potato fields . In Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Wireless Network Measurements. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA. Thelen, J., Goense, D., and Langendoen, K. 2005. Radio-wave propagation in potato fields. In Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Wireless Network Measurements. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"TinyOS (a). TEP 105\u2014Low Power Listening. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)  TinyOS (a). TEP 105\u2014Low Power Listening. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"TinyOS (b). TEP 119\u2014Collection. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)  TinyOS (b). TEP 119\u2014Collection. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"TinyOS (c). TEP 123\u2014Collection Tree Protocol. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)  TinyOS (c). TEP 123\u2014Collection Tree Protocol. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"TinyOS (d). TEP 126\u2014CC2420 Radio Stack. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)  TinyOS (d). TEP 126\u2014CC2420 Radio Stack. www.tinyos.net. (Accessed on 1\/10.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.880674"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/990064.990081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensors and Ad-hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). IEEE Computer Society Press","author":"Zuniga M.","unstructured":"Zuniga , M. and Krishnamachari , B . 2004. Analyzing the transitional region in low power wireless links . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensors and Ad-hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, 517--526. Zuniga, M. and Krishnamachari, B. 2004. Analyzing the transitional region in low power wireless links. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensors and Ad-hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 517--526."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240226.1240227"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1824766.1824771","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1824766.1824771","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:39:53Z","timestamp":1750246793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1824766.1824771"}},"subtitle":["A comparative study on tunnels"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1824766.1824771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1824766.1824771","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-09-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}