{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:18:03Z","timestamp":1777036683378,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Organic Computing (OC) and other research initiatives like Autonomic Computing or Proactive Computing have developed the vision of systems possessing life-like properties: they self-organize, adapt to their dynamically changing environments, and establish other so-called self-x properties, like self-healing, self-configuration, self-optimization, etc. What we are searching for in OC are methodologies and concepts for systems that allow to cope with increasingly complex networked application systems by introduction of self-x properties and at the same time guarantee a trustworthy and adaptive response to externally provided system objectives and control actions. Therefore, in OC, we talk about\n            <jats:italic>controlled self-organization<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although the terms\n            <jats:italic>self-organization<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>adaptivity<\/jats:italic>\n            have been discussed for years, we miss a clear definition of self-organization in most publications, which have a technically motivated background.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this article, we briefly summarize the state of the art and suggest a characterization of (controlled) self-organization and adaptivity that is motivated by the main objectives of the OC initiative. We present a system classification of robust, adaptable, and adaptive systems and define a degree of autonomy to be able to quantify how autonomously a system is working. The degree of autonomy distinguishes and measures external control that is exerted directly by the user (\n            <jats:italic>no autonomy<\/jats:italic>\n            ) from internal control of a system which might be fully controlled by an observer\/controller architecture that is part of the system (\n            <jats:italic>full autonomy<\/jats:italic>\n            ). The quantitative degree of autonomy provides the basis for characterizing the notion of controlled self-organization. Furthermore, we discuss several alternatives for the design of organic systems.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1837909.1837911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T17:41:41Z","timestamp":1285695701000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Adaptivity and self-organization in organic computing systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fcller-Schloer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"\u00c7akar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moez","family":"Mnif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urban","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207549608904961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISoLA.2006.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.5468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/968280.968303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"}}De Wolf T. and Holvoet T. 2005. Emergence versus self-organisation: Different concepts but promising when combined. In Engineering Self-Organising Systems Methodologies and Applications. A. K. R. N. S. Brueckner G. di Marzo Serugendo Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 3464. Springer-Verlag Berlin 1--15.   }}De Wolf T. and Holvoet T. 2005. Emergence versus self-organisation: Different concepts but promising when combined. In Engineering Self-Organising Systems Methodologies and Applications. A. K. R. N. S. Brueckner G. di Marzo Serugendo Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 3464. Springer-Verlag Berlin 1--15.","DOI":"10.1007\/11494676_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2005.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"}}DFG Priority Program 1183 Organic Computing. 2005. Website. http:\/\/www.organic-computing.de\/SPP. (6\/07)  }}DFG Priority Program 1183 Organic Computing. 2005. Website. http:\/\/www.organic-computing.de\/SPP. (6\/07)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361179.361202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"}}Dorigo M. and St\u00fctzle T. 2004. Ant Colony Optimization. MIT Press Cambridge MA.   }}Dorigo M. and St\u00fctzle T. 2004. Ant Colony Optimization. MIT Press Cambridge MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1290.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-sen:20050045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"}}\n      Gershenson C.\n     and \n      Heylighen F\n  . \n  2003\n  . When can we call a system self-organizing&quest; In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Advances in Artificial Life (ECAL'03). W. Banzhaf T. Christaller P. Dittrich J. T. Kim and J. Ziegler Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. \n  2801 Springer Dortmund Germany 606--614.  }}Gershenson C. and Heylighen F. 2003. When can we call a system self-organizing&quest; In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Advances in Artificial Life (ECAL'03). W. Banzhaf T. Christaller P. Dittrich J. T. Kim and J. Ziegler Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 2801 Springer Dortmund Germany 606--614.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39432-7_65"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10696-007-9028-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO'04)","author":"Hestermeyer T.","unstructured":"}} Hestermeyer , T. , Oberschelp , O. , and Giese , H . 2004. Structured information processing for self-optimizing mechatronic systems . In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO'04) . H. Ara\u00fajo, A. Vieira, J. Braz, B. Encarna\u00e7\u00e3o, and M. 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Addison-Wesley Longman . }}Knuth, D. E. 1998. The Art of Computer Programming\u2014Sorting and Searching 2nd Ed. Vol. 3. Addison-Wesley Longman.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"}}Lucas C. 2006. Self-organizing systems (sos) faq. http:\/\/www.calresco.org\/sos\/sosfaq.htm. Frequently asked questions version 2099 (6\/07).  }}Lucas C. 2006. Self-organizing systems (sos) faq. http:\/\/www.calresco.org\/sos\/sosfaq.htm. Frequently asked questions version 2099 (6\/07)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Mountain Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems (SMCals'06)","author":"Mnif M.","unstructured":"}} Mnif , M. and M\u00fcller-Schloer , C . 2006. Quantitative emergence . In Proceedings of the IEEE Mountain Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems (SMCals'06) . 78--84. }}Mnif, M. and M\u00fcller-Schloer, C. 2006. Quantitative emergence. 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Tr\u00f6ster Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4415. Springer, 209--223."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the KiVS Workshop: Selbstorganisierende, Adaptive, Kontextsensitive verteilte Systeme (SAKS'07)","author":"M\u00fchl G.","unstructured":"}} M\u00fchl , G. , Werner , M. , Jaeger , M. A. , Herrmann , K. , and Parzyjegla , H . 2007. On the definitions of self-managing and self-organizing systems . In Proceedings of the KiVS Workshop: Selbstorganisierende, Adaptive, Kontextsensitive verteilte Systeme (SAKS'07) . T. Braun, G. Carle, and B. Stiller Eds., VDE Verlag, 291--301. }}M\u00fchl, G., Werner, M., Jaeger, M. A., Herrmann, K., and Parzyjegla, H. 2007. On the definitions of self-managing and self-organizing systems. In Proceedings of the KiVS Workshop: Selbstorganisierende, Adaptive, Kontextsensitive verteilte Systeme (SAKS'07). T. Braun, G. Carle, and B. Stiller Eds., VDE Verlag, 291--301."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11839569_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop \u201cSafety and Security in Multiagent Systems\u201d (SASEMAS'04)","author":"Nimis J.","unstructured":"}} Nimis , J. and Lockemann , P . 2004. Robust multi-agent systems: The transactional conversation approach . In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop \u201cSafety and Security in Multiagent Systems\u201d (SASEMAS'04) . M. Barley, F. Massacci, H. Mouratidis, and P. Scerri Eds., AAMAS, New York. }}Nimis, J. and Lockemann, P. 2004. Robust multi-agent systems: The transactional conversation approach. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop \u201cSafety and Security in Multiagent Systems\u201d (SASEMAS'04). M. Barley, F. Massacci, H. Mouratidis, and P. Scerri Eds., AAMAS, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Agent Based Simulation. C. Urban Ed., SCS European Publishing House.","author":"Oberschelp O.","unstructured":"}} Oberschelp , O. , Hestermeyer , T. , Kleinjohann , B. , and Kleinjohann , L . 2002. Design of self-optimizing agent-based controllers . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Agent Based Simulation. C. Urban Ed., SCS European Publishing House. }}Oberschelp, O., Hestermeyer, T., Kleinjohann, B., and Kleinjohann, L. 2002. Design of self-optimizing agent-based controllers. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Agent Based Simulation. C. Urban Ed., SCS European Publishing House."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/375735.376024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39432-7_72"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69295-9_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"}}\n      Ribock O. Richter U. and \n      Schmeck H\n  . \n  2008\n  . Using organic computing to control bunching effects. In Proceedings of the 21th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS'08). U. Brinkschulte T. Ungerer C. Hochberger and R. G. Spallek Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. \n  4934\n  . \n  Springer 232--244.   }}Ribock O. Richter U. and Schmeck H. 2008. Using organic computing to control bunching effects. In Proceedings of the 21th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS'08). U. Brinkschulte T. Ungerer C. Hochberger and R. G. Spallek Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 4934. Springer 232--244.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78153-0_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"}}\n      Richter U. Mnif M. Branke J. M\u00fcller-Schloer C. and \n      Schmeck H\n  . \n  2006\n  . Towards a generic observer\/controller artchitecture for organic computing. In Proceedings of Informatik f\u00fcr Menschen! (INFORMATIK'06). C. Hochberger and R. Liskowsky Eds. GI-Edition Lecture Notes in Informatics vol. \n  P-93\n  . \n  K\u00f6llen Verlag 112--119.  }}Richter U. Mnif M. Branke J. M\u00fcller-Schloer C. and Schmeck H. 2006. Towards a generic observer\/controller artchitecture for organic computing. In Proceedings of Informatik f\u00fcr Menschen! (INFORMATIK'06). C. Hochberger and R. Liskowsky Eds. GI-Edition Lecture Notes in Informatics vol. P-93. K\u00f6llen Verlag 112--119."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"}}\n      Rochner F. Prothmann H. Branke J. M\u00fcller-Schloer C. and \n      Schmeck H\n  . \n  2006\n  . An organic architecture for traffic light controllers. In Proceedings of Informatik f\u00fcr Menschen! (INFORMATIK'06). C. Hochberger and R. Liskowsky Eds. GI-Edition Lecture Notes in Informatics vol. \n  P-93\n  . \n  K\u00f6llen Verlag 120--127.  }}Rochner F. Prothmann H. Branke J. M\u00fcller-Schloer C. and Schmeck H. 2006. An organic architecture for traffic light controllers. In Proceedings of Informatik f\u00fcr Menschen! (INFORMATIK'06). C. Hochberger and R. Liskowsky Eds. GI-Edition Lecture Notes in Informatics vol. P-93. K\u00f6llen Verlag 120--127."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISORC.2005.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Konzepte und Methoden, Experimentelle Untersuchungen","author":"Scholl A.","unstructured":"}} Scholl , A. 2001. Robuste Planung und Optimierung\u2014Grundlagen , Konzepte und Methoden, Experimentelle Untersuchungen . Physica-Verlag , Heidelberg . }}Scholl, A. 2001. Robuste Planung und Optimierung\u2014Grundlagen, Konzepte und Methoden, Experimentelle Untersuchungen. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"}}Shalizi C. R. and Shalizi K. L. 2005. Quantifying self-organization in cyclic cellular automata. eprint arXiv:nlin\/0507067.  }}Shalizi C. R. and Shalizi K. L. 2005. Quantifying self-organization in cyclic cellular automata. eprint arXiv:nlin\/0507067."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantifying self-organization with optimal predictors","volume":"93","author":"Shalizi C. R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"}} Shalizi , C. R. , Shalizi , K. L. , and Haslinger , R. 2004 . Quantifying self-organization with optimal predictors . Physical Rev. Lett. 93 , 11, 1 -- 4 . }}Shalizi, C. R., Shalizi, K. L., and Haslinger, R. 2004. Quantifying self-organization with optimal predictors. Physical Rev. Lett. 93, 11, 1--4.","journal-title":"Physical Rev. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"}}Slotine J.-J. E. and Li W. 1990. Applied Nonlinear Control. Prentice Hall.  }}Slotine J.-J. E. and Li W. 1990. Applied Nonlinear Control. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11334-005-0001-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Taguchi on Robust Technology Development\u2014Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream","author":"Taguchi G.","unstructured":"}} Taguchi , G. 1993. Taguchi on Robust Technology Development\u2014Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream . Society of Mechanical Engineers . }}Taguchi, G. 1993. Taguchi on Robust Technology Development\u2014Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream. Society of Mechanical Engineers."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/332833.332837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32259-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour (SAB'00)","author":"Wright W. A.","unstructured":"}} Wright , W. A. Smith , R. E. , Danek , M. , and Greenway , P . 2000. A measure of emergence in an adapting, multi-agent context . In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour (SAB'00) . J. Meyer, A. Berthoz, D. Floreano, H. Roitblat, and S. Wilson Eds., ISAB Press, 20--27. }}Wright, W. A. Smith, R. E., Danek, M., and Greenway, P. 2000. A measure of emergence in an adapting, multi-agent context. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour (SAB'00). J. Meyer, A. Berthoz, D. Floreano, H. Roitblat, and S. Wilson Eds., ISAB Press, 20--27."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"}}\n      Wright W. A. Smith R. E. Danek M. and \n      Greenway P\n  . \n  2001\n  . A generalisable measure of self-organization and emergence. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'01). G. Dorffner H. Bischof and K. Hornik Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. \n  2130\n  . \n  Springer 857--864.   }}Wright W. A. Smith R. E. Danek M. and Greenway P. 2001. A generalisable measure of self-organization and emergence. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'01). G. Dorffner H. Bischof and K. Hornik Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 2130. Springer 857--864.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44668-0_119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1963.1852"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1837909.1837911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1837909.1837911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T12:23:43Z","timestamp":1750249423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1837909.1837911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1837909.1837911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1837909.1837911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4665","1556-4703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4665","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-09-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}