{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:39:15Z","timestamp":1774449555921,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile computing devices can offer older adults (ages 65+) support in their daily lives, but older adults often find such devices difficult to learn and use. One potential design approach to improve the learnability of mobile devices is a Multi-Layered (ML) interface, where novice users start with a reduced-functionality interface layer that only allows them to perform basic tasks, before progressing to a more complex interface layer when they are comfortable. We studied the effects of a ML interface on older adults\u2019 performance in learning tasks on a mobile device. We conducted a controlled experiment with 16 older (ages 65--81) and 16 younger participants (age 21--36), who performed tasks on either a 2-layer or a nonlayered (control) address book application, implemented on a commercial smart phone. We found that the ML interface\u2019s Reduced-Functionality layer, compared to the control\u2019s Full-Functionality layer, better helped users to master a set of basic tasks and to retain that ability 30 minutes later. When users transitioned from the Reduced-Functionality to the Full-Functionality interface layer, their performance on the previously learned tasks was negatively affected, but no negative impact was found on learning new, advanced tasks. Overall, the ML interface provided greater benefit for older participants than for younger participants in terms of task completion time during initial learning, perceived complexity, and preference. We discuss how the ML interface approach is suitable for improving the learnability of mobile applications, particularly for older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1838562.1838563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T17:41:41Z","timestamp":1285695701000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Multi-Layered Interfaces to Improve Older Adults\u2019 Initial Learnability of Mobile Applications"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Rock","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Findlater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"McGrenere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014492997119716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358198.358218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/29933.275625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","unstructured":"}} Cohen , J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . 2 nd Ed. Erlbaum , Hillsdale, N. J. }}Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd Ed. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N. J.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(03)00045-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0360127980240101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1776994.1777071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"}}Fisk A. D. Rogers W. A. Charness N. Czaja S. J. and Sharit J. 2009. Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches 2nd Ed. CRC Press London.  }} Fisk A. D. Rogers W. A. Charness N. Czaja S. J. and Sharit J. 2009. Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches 2nd Ed . CRC Press London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290010020666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group (CHISIG) of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction. CHISIG of Australia, Narrabundah, 1--10","author":"Hawthorn D.","year":"2005","unstructured":"}} Hawthorn , D. 2005 . Training wheels for older users . In Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group (CHISIG) of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction. CHISIG of Australia, Narrabundah, 1--10 . }}Hawthorn, D. 2005. Training wheels for older users. In Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group (CHISIG) of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction. CHISIG of Australia, Narrabundah, 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"}}Hickman J. Rogers W. and Fisk A. 2007. Training older adults to use new technology. J. Gerontology 62B (Special Issue I) 77--84.  }} Hickman J. Rogers W. and Fisk A. 2007. Training older adults to use new technology. J. Gerontology 62B (Special Issue I) 77--84.","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.special_issue_1.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125641"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Missing Data: A Gentle Introduction","author":"McKnight P. E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"}} McKnight , P. E. , McKnight , K. M. , Sidani , S. , and Figueredo , A. J . 2007 . Missing Data: A Gentle Introduction . Guilford Press , New York . }}McKnight, P. E., McKnight, K. M., Sidani, S., and Figueredo, A. J. 2007. Missing Data: A Gentle Introduction. Guilford Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v8i7.1066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/036012700267213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/624616.625647"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Media Literacy Audit: Report on Media Literacy amongst Older People","author":"Ofcom","unstructured":"}} Ofcom . 2006. Media Literacy Audit: Report on Media Literacy amongst Older People . Ofcom , London, UK . }}Ofcom. 2006. Media Literacy Audit: Report on Media Literacy amongst Older People. Ofcom, London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"}}Quintana C. Carra A. Krajcik J. and Soloway E. 2002. Learner-Centered Design: Reflections and New Directions. In Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium Carroll J. Ed. Addison-Wesley Reading MA 605--626.  }} Quintana C. Carra A. Krajcik J. and Soloway E. 2002. Learner-Centered Design: Reflections and New Directions. In Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium Carroll J. Ed. Addison-Wesley Reading MA 605--626."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778701935"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Dealing with missing data","volume":"3","author":"Scheffer J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"}} Scheffer , J. 2002 . Dealing with missing data . Resear. Lett. Inform. Math. Sci. 3 , 153 -- 160 . }}Scheffer, J. 2002. Dealing with missing data. Resear. Lett. Inform. Math. Sci. 3, 153--160.","journal-title":"Resear. Lett. Inform. Math. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/957205.957206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"WAIS-R Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler D.","unstructured":"}} Wechsler , D. 1981. WAIS-R Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised . The Psychological Corporation , New York. }}Wechsler, D. 1981. WAIS-R Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. The Psychological Corporation, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices (MobileHCI). Springer-Verlag Berlin, 25--37","author":"Ziefle M.","unstructured":"}} Ziefle , M. and Bay , S . 2004. Mental models of a cellular phone menu: Comparing older and younger novice users . In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices (MobileHCI). Springer-Verlag Berlin, 25--37 . }}Ziefle, M. and Bay, S. 2004. Mental models of a cellular phone menu: Comparing older and younger novice users. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices (MobileHCI). 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