{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:30:26Z","timestamp":1750307426055,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Machine transliteration is an important problem in an increasingly multilingual world, as it plays a critical role in many downstream applications, such as machine translation or crosslingual information retrieval systems. In this article, we propose compositional machine transliteration systems, where multiple transliteration components may be composed either to improve existing transliteration quality, or to enable transliteration functionality between languages even when no direct parallel names corpora exist between them. Specifically, we propose two distinct forms of composition: serial and parallel. Serial compositional system chains individual transliteration components, say, X \u2192 Y and Y \u2192 Z systems, to provide transliteration functionality, X \u2192 Z. In parallel composition evidence from multiple transliteration paths between X \u2192 Z are aggregated for improving the quality of a direct system. We demonstrate the functionality and performance benefits of the compositional methodology using a state-of-the-art machine transliteration framework in English and a set of Indian languages, namely, Hindi, Marathi, and Kannada. Finally, we underscore the utility and practicality of our compositional approach by showing that a CLIR system integrated with compositional transliteration systems performs consistently on par with, and sometimes better than, that integrated with a direct transliteration system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1838751.1838752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,20]],"date-time":"2010-12-20T15:55:04Z","timestamp":1292860504000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Compositional Machine Transliteration"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research India"}]},{"given":"Mitesh M.","family":"Khapra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay"}]},{"given":"Pushpak","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballesteros L. 2000. Cross language retrieval via transitive translation. In W. B. Croft Ed. Advances in Information Retrieval: Recent Research from the CIIR. Kluwer Academic Publishers 203--234. Ballesteros L. 2000. Cross language retrieval via transitive translation. In W. B. Croft Ed. Advances in Information Retrieval: Recent Research from the CIIR . Kluwer Academic Publishers 203--234.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47019-5_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/972470.972474"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jmlr.2003.3.4-5.951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.383965"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Machine Translation Summit IX (MT\u201903)","author":"Goto I.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration (NEWS\u201909)","author":"Jansche M.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration (NEWS\u201909)","author":"Jiampojamarn S.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/990820.990876"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (CLRE\u201900)","author":"Kang B. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight K. and Graehl J. 1997. Machine transliteration. Comput. Linguist. 128--135. Knight K. and Graehl J. 1997. Machine transliteration. Comput. Linguist . 128--135.","DOI":"10.3115\/979617.979634"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML\u201901)","author":"Lafferty J. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"volume-title":"Comput. Proc. Oriental Lang. 17--37","author":"Lee J. S.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.v59:3"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration (NEWS\u201909)","author":"Li H.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration (NEWS\u201909)","author":"Li H.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING\u201908)","author":"Malik M. G. 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