{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1778556164006,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]],"date-time":"2011-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pedestrian simulation has many applications in computer games, military simulations, and animation systems. A realistic pedestrian simulation requires a realistic pedestrian behavioral model that takes into account the various behavioral aspects of a real pedestrian. In this article, we describe our work on such a model, which aims to generate human-like pedestrian behaviors. To this end, various important factors in a real-pedestrian's decision-making process are considered in our model. These factors include a pedestrian's sensory attention, memory, and navigational behaviors. In particular, a two-level navigation model is proposed to generate realistic navigational behavior. As a result, our pedestrian model is able to generate various realistic behaviors such as overtaking, waiting, side-stepping and lane-forming in a crowded area. The simulated pedestrians are also able to navigate through complex environment, given an abstract map of the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1921598.1921604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T18:19:53Z","timestamp":1299089993000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Modeling and simulation of pedestrian behaviors in crowded places"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wee Lit","family":"Koh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suiping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Human Memory: Theory and Practice","author":"Baddeley A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(99)00052-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA'03)","author":"Braun A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(01)00141-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Feurtey F. 2000. Simulating the collision avoidance behaviour of pedestrains. M.S. thesis School of Engineering University of Tokyo.  Feurtey F. 2000. Simulating the collision avoidance behaviour of pedestrains. M.S. thesis School of Engineering University of Tokyo."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Gwynne S. et al. 1999. Escape as a Social Response. Society of Fire Protection Engineers Boston MA.  Gwynne S. et al. 1999. Escape as a Social Response. Society of Fire Protection Engineers Boston MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1968.300136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1040.0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"4282","article-title":"Social force model for pedestrian dynamics","volume":"51","author":"Helbing D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physical Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(99)00053-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00015-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/301589.286864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(02)00857-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2004.00782.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences","author":"Le D. D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Millington I. 2006. Artificial Intelligence for Games. Morgan Kaufmann.   Millington I. 2006. Artificial Intelligence for Games. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.928167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"A multi-agent based simulation framework for the study of human and social behavior in egress analysis","volume":"179","author":"Pan X.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Civil Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation (SCA'07)","author":"Pelechano N."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. 473--484","author":"Rao A. S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Game Developer Conference. 763--782","author":"Reynolds C. W.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.v16:3\/4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry. 239--248","author":"Schadschneider A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073368.1073371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Still G. 2000. Use of crowd dynamics around the world. Ph.D. dissertation Robert Gordon Institute of Technology.  Still G. 2000. Use of crowd dynamics around the world. Ph.D. dissertation Robert Gordon Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3646-0_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179352.1142008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00634"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1921598.1921604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1921598.1921604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T12:08:42Z","timestamp":1750248522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1921598.1921604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1921598.1921604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1921598.1921604","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-3301","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-1195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-02-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}