{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T03:15:04Z","timestamp":1752549304445,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Example programs play an important role in the teaching and learning of programming. Students as well as teachers rank examples as the most important resources for learning to program. Example programs work as role models and must therefore always be consistent with the principles and rules we are teaching.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>However, it is difficult to find or develop examples that are fully faithful to all principles and guidelines of the object-oriented paradigm and also follow general pedagogical principles and practices. Unless students are able to engage with good examples, they will not be able to tell desirable from undesirable properties in their own and others\u2019 programs.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article we report on a study in which experienced educators evaluated the quality of object-oriented example programs for novices from popular Java textbooks. The evaluation was accomplished using an online checklist that elicited responses on the technical, object-oriented, and didactic quality of examples.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In total 25 reviewers contributed 215 reviews to our dataset, based on 38 example programs from 13 common introductory programming textbooks. Results show that the evaluation instrument is reliable in terms of inter-rater agreement. Overall, example quality was not as good as one might expect from common textbooks, in particular regarding certain object-oriented properties.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We conclude that educators should be careful when taking examples straight out of a textbook.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1921607.1921610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T08:44:26Z","timestamp":1299141866000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["On the Quality of Examples in Introductory Java Textbooks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"B\u00f6rstler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Nordstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Caledonian University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0802_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Barnes D. J. and K\u00f6lling M. 2009. Objects First with Java 4th Ed. Prentice Hall. Barnes D. J. and K\u00f6lling M. 2009. Objects First with Java 4th Ed. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"B\u00f6rstler J. Caspersen M. and Nordstr\u00f6m M. 2007. Beauty and the beast---Toward a measurement framework for example program quality. Tech. rep. UMINF-07.23. Dept. of Computing Science Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden. B\u00f6rstler J. Caspersen M. and Nordstr\u00f6m M. 2007. Beauty and the beast---Toward a measurement framework for example program quality. Tech. rep. UMINF-07.23. Dept. of Computing Science Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1384271.1384286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"An evaluation of object oriented example programs in introductory programming textbooks","volume":"41","author":"B\u00f6rstler J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"B\u00f6rstler , J. , Hall , M. S. , Nordstr\u00f6m , M. , Paterson , J. H. , Sanders , K. , Schulte , C. , and Thomas , L. 2009 . An evaluation of object oriented example programs in introductory programming textbooks . Inroads 41 , 4, 126 -- 143 . B\u00f6rstler, J., Hall, M. S., Nordstr\u00f6m, M., Paterson, J. H., Sanders, K., Schulte, C., and Thomas, L. 2009. An evaluation of object oriented example programs in introductory programming textbooks. Inroads 41, 4, 126--143.","journal-title":"Inroads"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Bransford J. D. Brown A. L. and Cocking R. R. 2004. How People Learn Expanded Ed. National Academy Press Washington D.C. Bransford J. D. Brown A. L. and Cocking R. R. 2004. How People Learn Expanded Ed. National Academy Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Bravaco R. and Simonson S. 2010. Java Programming---From the Ground Up 1st Ed. McGraw-Hill. Bravaco R. and Simonson S. 2010. Java Programming---From the Ground Up 1st Ed. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80031-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/308769.308798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015297914742"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Hello, World\u201d gets mixed greetings","volume":"45","author":"Forum","year":"2002","unstructured":"CACM Forum . 2002 . \u201c Hello, World\u201d gets mixed greetings . Comm. ACM 45 , 2, 11 -- 15 . CACM Forum. 2002. \u201cHello, World\u201d gets mixed greetings. Comm. ACM 45, 2, 11--15.","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"For programmers, objects are not the only tools","volume":"48","author":"Forum","year":"2005","unstructured":"CACM Forum . 2005 . For programmers, objects are not the only tools . Comm. ACM 48 , 4, 11 -- 12 . CACM Forum. 2005. For programmers, objects are not the only tools. Comm. ACM 48, 4, 11--12.","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"volume-title":"Taylor &amp","author":"Clancy M.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Clancy , M. 2004. Misconceptions and attitudes that interfere with learning to program . In Computer Science Education Research. S. Fincher and M. Petre Eds., Taylor &amp ; Francis, Lisse, The Netherlands , 85--100. Clancy, M. 2004. Misconceptions and attitudes that interfere with learning to program. In Computer Science Education Research. S. Fincher and M. Petre Eds., Taylor &amp; Francis, Lisse, The Netherlands, 85--100."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Textbooks: Under inspection. Tech. rep. Department of Maths and Computing","author":"de Raadt M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Raadt , M. , Watson , R. , and Toleman , M . 2005 . Textbooks: Under inspection. Tech. rep. Department of Maths and Computing , University of Southern Queensland , Toowoomba, Australia . de Raadt, M., Watson, R., and Toleman, M. 2005. Textbooks: Under inspection. Tech. rep. Department of Maths and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Deitel H. M. and Deitel P. J. 2007. Java---How to Program 7th Ed. Prentice Hall. Deitel H. M. and Deitel P. J. 2007. Java---How to Program 7th Ed. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5381\/jot.2003.2.1.c3","article-title":"Hello World! goodbye skills! J","volume":"2","author":"Dodani M. H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dodani , M. H. 2003 . Hello World! goodbye skills! J . Object Technol. 2 , 1, 23 -- 28 . Dodani, M. H. 2003. Hello World! goodbye skills! J. Object Technol. 2, 1, 23--28.","journal-title":"Object Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Java Programming","author":"Farrell J.","unstructured":"Farrell , J. 2010. Java Programming 5 th Ed. Thomson . Farrell, J. 2010. Java Programming 5th Ed. Thomson.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/330908.331854"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code","author":"Fowler M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fowler , M. 1999 . Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code . Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. Fowler, M. 1999. Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/199688.199772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268084.268132"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Big Java","author":"Horstmann C. S.","unstructured":"Horstmann , C. S. 2008. Big Java 3 rd Ed. Wiley . Horstmann, C. S. 2008. Big Java 3rd Ed. Wiley.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1042091.1042126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"JHawk. Product homepage. http:\/\/www.virtualmachinery.com\/jhawkprod.htm (accessed 11\/09). JHawk . Product homepage. http:\/\/www.virtualmachinery.com\/jhawkprod.htm (accessed 11\/09)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067445.1067453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0301_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Lewis J. and Loftus W. 2009. Java---Software Solutions 6th Ed. Addison-Wesley. Lewis J. and Loftus W. 2009. Java---Software Solutions 6th Ed. Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"LimeSurvey. Project homepage. http:\/\/www.limesurvey.org\/ (accessed 10\/09). LimeSurvey . Project homepage. http:\/\/www.limesurvey.org\/ (accessed 10\/09)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/947912.947913"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028664.1028702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Malik D. and Burton R. P. 2009. Java Programming---Guided Learning with Early Objects 1st Ed. Course Technology. Malik D. and Burton R. P. 2009. Java Programming---Guided Learning with Early Objects 1st Ed. Course Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1976.233837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Ni\u00f1o J. and Hosch F. A. 2008. Introduction to Programming and Object Oriented Design Using Java 3rd Ed. Wiley. Ni\u00f1o J. and Hosch F. A. 2008. Introduction to Programming and Object Oriented Design Using Java 3rd Ed. Wiley."},{"volume-title":"thesis","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m M.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m , M. 2009. He {d}uristics-heuristics for designing object oriented examples for novices. Ph.D. thesis , Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5, Sweden . Nordstr\u00f6m, M. 2009. He{d}uristics-heuristics for designing object oriented examples for novices. Ph.D. thesis, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/545151.545182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/857076.857090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.17.4.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3102_4"},{"volume-title":"Object-Oriented Design Heuristics","author":"Riel A. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Riel , A. J. 1996. Object-Oriented Design Heuristics . Addison-Wesley , Reading, MA . Riel, A. J. 1996. Object-Oriented Design Heuristics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"The Object of Java","author":"Riley D. D.","unstructured":"Riley , D. D. 2006. The Object of Java 2 nd Ed. Addison-Wesley . Riley, D. D. 2006. The Object of Java 2nd Ed. Addison-Wesley.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Java---An Introduction to Computer Science","author":"Roberts E.","unstructured":"Roberts , E. 2008. Java---An Introduction to Computer Science 2 nd Ed. Addison-Wesley . Roberts, E. 2008. Java---An Introduction to Computer Science 2nd Ed. Addison-Wesley.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1268784.1268834"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Trafton J. G. and Reiser B. J. 1993. Studying examples and solving problems: Contributions to skill acquisition. Tech. rep. Naval HCI Research Lab Washington D.C. Trafton J. G. and Reiser B. J. 1993. Studying examples and solving problems: Contributions to skill acquisition. Tech. rep. Naval HCI Research Lab Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1176617.1176738"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-908X(199705)9:3%3C127::AID-SMR149%3E3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383845.383874"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"-Y","author":"Wu C.-C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wu , C.-C. , Lin , J. M.-C. , and Lin , K . -Y . 1999 . A Comprehensive Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java International Ed. McGraw-Hill . Wu, C.-C., Lin, J. M.-C., and Lin, K.-Y. 1999. A Comprehensive Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java International Ed. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"A content analysis of programming examples in high school computer textbooks in Taiwan","volume":"18","author":"Wu C. T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu , C. T. 2008 . A content analysis of programming examples in high school computer textbooks in Taiwan . J. Comput. Math. Sci. Teach 18 , 3, 225 -- 244 . Wu, C. T. 2008. A content analysis of programming examples in high school computer textbooks in Taiwan. J. Comput. Math. Sci. Teach 18, 3, 225--244.","journal-title":"J. Comput. Math. Sci. Teach"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1921607.1921610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1921607.1921610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T10:52:10Z","timestamp":1750243930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1921607.1921610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1921607.1921610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1921607.1921610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1946-6226"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}