{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T03:24:31Z","timestamp":1767065071834,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STPSC 356747-07","261545-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STPSC 356747-07","261545-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000144","name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-0509004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-0509004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A basic building block of cloud computing is virtualization. Virtual machines (VMs) encapsulate a user\u2019s computing environment and efficiently isolate it from that of other users. VMs, however, are large entities, and no clear APIs exist yet to provide users with programatic, fine-grained control on short time scales.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We present SnowFlock, a paradigm and system for cloud computing that introduces VM cloning as a first-class cloud abstraction. VM cloning exploits the well-understood and effective semantics of UNIX fork. We demonstrate multiple usage models of VM cloning: users can incorporate the primitive in their code, can wrap around existing toolchains via scripting, can encapsulate the API within a parallel programming framework, or can use it to load-balance and self-scale clustered servers.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>VM cloning needs to be efficient to be usable. It must efficiently transmit VM state in order to avoid cloud I\/O bottlenecks. We demonstrate how the semantics of cloning aid us in realizing its efficiency: state is propagated in parallel to multiple VM clones, and is transmitted during runtime, allowing for optimizations that substantially reduce the I\/O load. We show detailed microbenchmark results highlighting the efficiency of our optimizations, and macrobenchmark numbers demonstrating the effectiveness of the different usage models of SnowFlock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1925109.1925111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T08:44:26Z","timestamp":1299141866000},"page":"1-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["SnowFlock"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"H. Andr\u00e9s","family":"Lagar-Cavilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T Labs Inc. -- Research"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Patchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brudno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"de Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Rumble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Satyanarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University"}]},{"given":"Adin","family":"Scannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GridCentric Inc."}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502912.502915"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Amazon.com. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2). http:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/. Amazon.com. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2). http:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"ANL. Argonne National Laboratory MPICH2. http:\/\/www.mcs.anl.gov\/research\/projects\/mpich2\/. ANL. Argonne National Laboratory MPICH2. http:\/\/www.mcs.anl.gov\/research\/projects\/mpich2\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Apache A. The Apache Software Foundation -- Hadoop. http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/core\/. Apache A. The Apache Software Foundation -- Hadoop. http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/core\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Apache B. The Apache Software Foundation -- Hadoop Distributed File System: Architecture and Design. http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/core\/docs\/current\/hdfs_design.html. Apache B. The Apache Software Foundation -- Hadoop Distributed File System: Architecture and Design. http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/core\/docs\/current\/hdfs_design.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Apodaka A. A. and Gritz L. 2000. Advanced RenderMan: Creating CGI for Motion Pictures. Academic Press. Apodaka A. A. and Gritz L. 2000. Advanced RenderMan: Creating CGI for Motion Pictures. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Aqsis.org. Aqsis Renderer -- Freedom to Dream. http:\/\/aqsis.org\/. Aqsis.org. Aqsis Renderer -- Freedom to Dream. http:\/\/aqsis.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/945445.945462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268998.266672"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual Linux Showcase and Conference. 317--327","author":"Carns P. H.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Carns , P. H. , Ligon III, W. B. , Ross , R. B. , and Thakur , R . 2000. PVFS: A parallel file system for Linux clusters . In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Linux Showcase and Conference. 317--327 . Carns, P. H., Ligon III, W. B., Ross, R. B., and Thakur, R. 2000. PVFS: A parallel file system for Linux clusters. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Linux Showcase and Conference. 317--327."},{"volume-title":"Parallel Programming in OpenMP","author":"Chandra R.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Chandra , R. , Menon , R. , Dagum , L. , Kohr , D. , Maydan , D. , and McDonald , J. 2000. Parallel Programming in OpenMP . Elsevier . Chandra, R., Menon, R., Dagum, L., Kohr, D., Maydan, D., and McDonald, J. 2000. Parallel Programming in OpenMP. Elsevier."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC\u201903)","author":"Chase J. S.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Chase , J. S. , Irwin , D. E. , Grit , L. E. , Moore , J. D. , and Sprenkle , S. E . 2003. Dynamic virtual clusters in a grid site manager . In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC\u201903) . 90--103. Chase, J. S., Irwin, D. E., Grit, L. E., Moore, J. D., and Sprenkle, S. E. 2003. Dynamic virtual clusters in a grid site manager. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC\u201903). 90--103."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201905)","author":"Clark C.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Clark , C. , Fraser , K. , Hand , S. , Hansen , J. G. , Jul , E. , Limpach , C. , Pratt , I. , and Warfield , A . 2005. Live migration of virtual machines . In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201905) . Clark, C., Fraser, K., Hand, S., Hansen, J. G., Jul, E., Limpach, C., Pratt, I., and Warfield, A. 2005. Live migration of virtual machines. In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201905)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Cluster Resources. Moab Cluster Suite. http:\/\/www.clusterresources.com\/pages\/products\/moab-cluster-suite.php. Cluster Resources. Moab Cluster Suite. http:\/\/www.clusterresources.com\/pages\/products\/moab-cluster-suite.php."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201908)","author":"Cully B.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Cully , B. , Lefebvre , G. , Meyer , D. , Feeley , M. , Hutchinson , N. , and Warfield , A . 2008. Remus: High availability via asynchronous virtual machine replication . In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201908) . Cully, B., Lefebvre, G., Meyer, D., Feeley, M., Hutchinson, N., and Warfield, A. 2008. Remus: High availability via asynchronous virtual machine replication. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201908)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201904)","author":"Dean J.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Dean , J. and Ghemawat , S . 2004. MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters . In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201904) . 137--150. Dean, J. and Ghemawat, S. 2004. MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters. In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201904). 137--150."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"EBI. European Bioinformatics Institute -- ClustalW2. http:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/Tools\/clustalw2\/ index.html. EBI. European Bioinformatics Institute -- ClustalW2. http:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/Tools\/clustalw2\/ index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"el Malek M. A. Wachs M. Cipar J. Sanghi K. Ganger G. R. Gibson G. A. and Reiter M. K. 2009. File system virtual appliances: Portable file system implementations. Tech. rep. CMU-PDL-09-102 Carnegie Mellon University. el Malek M. A. Wachs M. Cipar J. Sanghi K. Ganger G. R. Gibson G. A. and Reiter M. K. 2009. File system virtual appliances: Portable file system implementations. Tech. rep. CMU-PDL-09-102 Carnegie Mellon University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/988672.988710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTR.2007.4629220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2006.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268998.266662"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th European PVM\/MPI Users\u2019 Group Meeting. 97--104","author":"Gabriel E.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Gabriel , E. , Fagg , G. E. , Bosilca , G. , Angskun , T. , Dongarra , J. J. , Squyres , J. M. , Sahay , V. , Kambadur , P. , Barrett , B. , Lumsdaine , A. , Castain , R. H. , Daniel , D. J. , Graham , R. L. , and Woodall , T. S . 2004. Open MPI: Goals, concept, and design of a next generation MPI implementation . In Proceedings of the 11th European PVM\/MPI Users\u2019 Group Meeting. 97--104 . Gabriel, E., Fagg, G. E., Bosilca, G., Angskun, T., Dongarra, J. J., Squyres, J. M., Sahay, V., Kambadur, P., Barrett, B., Lumsdaine, A., Castain, R. H., Daniel, D. J., Graham, R. L., and Woodall, T. S. 2004. Open MPI: Goals, concept, and design of a next generation MPI implementation. In Proceedings of the 11th European PVM\/MPI Users\u2019 Group Meeting. 97--104."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/207505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/560889.792378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"GoGrid. GoGrid Cloud Hosting. http:\/\/www.gogrid.com\/. GoGrid. GoGrid Cloud Hosting. http:\/\/www.gogrid.com\/."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201908)","author":"Gupta D.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Gupta , D. , Lee , S. , Vrable , M. , Savage , S. , Snoeren , A. C. , Varghese , G. , Voelker , G. M. , and Vahdat , A . 2008. Difference engine: Harnessing memory redundancy in virtual machine . In Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201908) . 309--322. Gupta, D., Lee, S., Vrable, M., Savage, S., Snoeren, A. C., Varghese, G., Voelker, G. M., and Vahdat, A. 2008. Difference engine: Harnessing memory redundancy in virtual machine. In Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201908). 309--322."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 283--296","author":"Hibler M.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Hibler , M. , Stoller , L. , Lepreau , J. , Ricci , R. , and Barb , C . 2003. Fast, scalable disk imaging with Frisbee . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 283--296 . Hibler, M., Stoller, L., Lepreau, J., Ricci, R., and Barb, C. 2003. Fast, scalable disk imaging with Frisbee. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 283--296."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 113--128","author":"Hibler M.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Hibler , M. , Ricci , R. , Stoller , L. , Duerig , J. , Guruprasad , S. , Stack , T. , Webb , K. , and Lepreau , J . 2008. Large-scale virtualization in the emulab network testbed . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 113--128 . Hibler, M., Ricci, R., Stoller, L., Duerig, J., Guruprasad, S., Stack, T., Webb, K., and Lepreau, J. 2008. Large-scale virtualization in the emulab network testbed. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 113--128."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508293.1508301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTR.2007.4629212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1254810.1254812"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA\u201902)","author":"Kozuch M.","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Kozuch , M. and Satyanarayanan , M . 2002. Internet suspend\/resume . In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA\u201902) . 40--46. Kozuch, M. and Satyanarayanan, M. 2002. Internet suspend\/resume. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA\u201902). 40--46."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1516124.1516135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2005.80"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Security Symposium. 243--258","author":"Litty L.","key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Litty , L. , Lagar-Cavilla , H. A. , and Lie , D . 2008. Hypervisor support for identifying covertly executing binaries . In Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Security Symposium. 243--258 . Litty, L., Lagar-Cavilla, H. A., and Lie, D. 2008. Hypervisor support for identifying covertly executing binaries. In Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Security Symposium. 243--258."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"McLoughlin M. 2008. The QCOW2 Image Format. http:\/\/people.gnome.org\/~markmc\/qcow-image-format.html. McLoughlin M. 2008. The QCOW2 Image Format. http:\/\/people.gnome.org\/~markmc\/qcow-image-format.html."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Large Installation System Adminstration Conference (LISA\u201907)","author":"McNett M.","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"McNett , M. , Gupta , D. , Vahdat , A. , and Voelker , G . 2007. Usher: An extensible framework for managing clusters of virtual machines . In Proceedings of the 21st Large Installation System Adminstration Conference (LISA\u201907) . 167--181. McNett, M., Gupta, D., Vahdat, A., and Voelker, G. 2007. Usher: An extensible framework for managing clusters of virtual machines. In Proceedings of the 21st Large Installation System Adminstration Conference (LISA\u201907). 167--181."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1352592.1352598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2009. Virtual hard disk image format specification. http:\/\/technet.microsoft.com\/en-us\/virtualserver\/bb676673.aspx. Microsoft. 2009. Virtual hard disk image format specification. http:\/\/technet.microsoft.com\/en-us\/virtualserver\/bb676673.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Mosso. Mosso Cloud Service. http:\/\/www.mosso.com\/. Mosso. Mosso Cloud Service. http:\/\/www.mosso.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2009.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294261.1294287"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Nelson M.","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Nelson , M. , Lim , B. , and Hutchins , G . 2005. Fast transparent migration for virtual machines . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Nelson, M., Lim, B., and Hutchins, G. 2005. Fast transparent migration for virtual machines. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201906)","author":"Nightingale E. B.","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Nightingale , E. B. , Veeraraghavan , K. , Chen , P. , and Flinn , J . 2006. Rethink the sync . In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201906) . 1--14. Nightingale, E. B., Veeraraghavan, K., Chen, P., and Flinn, J. 2006. Rethink the sync. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201906). 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2007.121"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC). 198--205","author":"Norris J.","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Norris , J. , Coleman , K. , Fox , A. , and Candea , G . 2004. OnCall: Defeating spikes with a free-market application cluster . In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC). 198--205 . Norris, J., Coleman, K., Fox, A., and Candea, G. 2004. OnCall: Defeating spikes with a free-market application cluster. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC). 198--205."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Open vSwitch. An Open Virtual Switch. http:\/\/openvswitch.org. Open vSwitch. An Open Virtual Switch. http:\/\/openvswitch.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Pixar. RenderMan. https:\/\/renderman.pixar.com\/. Pixar. RenderMan. https:\/\/renderman.pixar.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Platform Computing. 2006. Platform Enterprise Grid Orchestrator (Platform EGO). http:\/\/www.platform.com\/Products\/platform-enterprise-grid-orchestrator.pNFS.com. Platform Computing. 2006. Platform Enterprise Grid Orchestrator (Platform EGO). http:\/\/www.platform.com\/Products\/platform-enterprise-grid-orchestrator.pNFS.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"pNFS.com. Parallel NFS. http:\/\/www.pnfs.com\/. pNFS.com . Parallel NFS. http:\/\/www.pnfs.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"QuantLib.org. QuantLib: A free\/open-source library for quantitative finance. http:\/\/quantlib.org\/index.shtml. QuantLib.org. QuantLib: A free\/open-source library for quantitative finance. http:\/\/quantlib.org\/index.shtml."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS\u201903)","author":"Ranjan S.","key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Ranjan , S. , Rolia , J. , Fu , H. , and Knightly , E . 2003. Qos-driven server migration for internet data centers . In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS\u201903) . 3--12. Ranjan, S., Rolia, J., Fu, H., and Knightly, E. 2003. Qos-driven server migration for internet data centers. In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS\u201903). 3--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Red Hat. LVM2 Resource Page. http:\/\/sources.redhat.com\/lvm2\/. Red Hat. LVM2 Resource Page. http:\/\/sources.redhat.com\/lvm2\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361011.361061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000386"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (Cluster). 1--10","author":"Ruth P.","key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Ruth , P. , McGachey , P. , Jiang , J. , and Xu , D . 2005. VioCluster: Virtualization for dynamic computational domains . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (Cluster). 1--10 . Ruth, P., McGachey, P., Jiang, J., and Xu, D. 2005. VioCluster: Virtualization for dynamic computational domains. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (Cluster). 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Samba.org. DISTCC: A Fast Free Distributed C\/C++ Compiler. http:\/\/distcc.samba.org\/. Samba.org. DISTCC: A Fast Free Distributed C\/C++ Compiler. http:\/\/distcc.samba.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"SPEC. 2005. Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation SPECweb2005. http:\/\/www.spec.org\/web2005\/. SPEC. 2005. Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation SPECweb2005. http:\/\/www.spec.org\/web2005\/."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Integrated Network Management (IM) Conference. 139--148","author":"Steinder M.","key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"Steinder , M. , Whalley , I. , Carrera , D. , Gaweda , I. , and Chess , D . 2007. Server virtualization in autonomic management of heterogeneous workloads . In Proceedings of the 10th Integrated Network Management (IM) Conference. 139--148 . Steinder, M., Whalley, I., Carrera, D., Gaweda, I., and Chess, D. 2007. Server virtualization in autonomic management of heterogeneous workloads. In Proceedings of the 10th Integrated Network Management (IM) Conference. 139--148."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Stone J. Tachyon Parallel\/Multiprocessor Ray Tracing System. http:\/\/jedi.ks.uiuc.edu\/~johns\/raytracer\/. Stone J. Tachyon Parallel\/Multiprocessor Ray Tracing System. http:\/\/jedi.ks.uiuc.edu\/~johns\/raytracer\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Sun Microsystems. Solaris ZFS - Redefining File Systems as Virtualised Storage. http:\/\/nz.sun.com\/learnabout\/solaris\/10\/ds\/zfs.html. Sun Microsystems. Solaris ZFS - Redefining File Systems as Virtualised Storage. http:\/\/nz.sun.com\/learnabout\/solaris\/10\/ds\/zfs.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1411759.1411779"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 127--140","author":"Tolia N.","key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Tolia , N. , Kozuch , M. , Satyanarayanan , M. , Karp , B. , Perrig , A. , and Bressoud , T . 2003. Opportunistic use of content addressable storage for distributed file systems . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 127--140 . Tolia, N., Kozuch, M., Satyanarayanan, M., Karp, B., Perrig, A., and Bressoud, T. 2003. Opportunistic use of content addressable storage for distributed file systems. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 127--140."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201906)","author":"Tolia N.","key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"Tolia , N. , Kaminsky , M. , Andersen , D. G. , and Patil , S . 2006. An architecture for internet data transfer . In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201906) . 253--266. Tolia, N., Kaminsky, M., Andersen, D. G., and Patil, S. 2006. An architecture for internet data transfer. In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201906). 253--266."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium. 43--56","author":"Uhlig V.","key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Uhlig , V. , LeVasseur , J. , Skoglund , E. , and Dannowski , U . 2004. Towards scalable multiprocessor virtual machines . In Proceedings of the 3rd Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium. 43--56 . Uhlig, V., LeVasseur, J., Skoglund, E., and Dannowski, U. 2004. Towards scalable multiprocessor virtual machines. In Proceedings of the 3rd Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium. 43--56."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"UofT. University of Toronto -- SnowFlock: Swift VM cloning for cloud computing. http: \/\/sysweb.cs.toronto.edu\/snowflock. UofT. University of Toronto -- SnowFlock: Swift VM cloning for cloud computing. http: \/\/sysweb.cs.toronto.edu\/snowflock."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2007.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1342171.1342172"},{"volume-title":"VASP -- Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package","author":"VASP-Group","key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"VASP-Group . VASP -- Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package , Theoretical Physics Department , Vienna . http:\/\/cms.mpi.univie.ac.at\/vasp\/. VASP-Group. VASP -- Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package, Theoretical Physics Department, Vienna. http:\/\/cms.mpi.univie.ac.at\/vasp\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"VMware. vSphere Resource Management Guide. www.vmware.com\/pdf\/vsphere4\/r41\/vsp_41_resource_mgmt.pdf. VMware. vSphere Resource Management Guide. www.vmware.com\/pdf\/vsphere4\/r41\/vsp_41_resource_mgmt.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095810.1095825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060307"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Warfield A.","key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Warfield , A. , Hand , S. , Fraser , K. , and Deegan , T . 2005. Facilitating the development of soft devices . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Warfield, A., Hand, S., Fraser, K., and Deegan, T. 2005. Facilitating the development of soft devices. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1060289.1060313"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201907)","author":"Wood T.","key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"Wood , T. , Shenoy , P. , Venkataramani , A. , and Yousif , M . 2007. Black-box and gray-box strategies for virtual machine migration . In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201907) . 229--242. Wood, T., Shenoy, P., Venkataramani, A., and Yousif, M. 2007. Black-box and gray-box strategies for virtual machine migration. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201907). 229--242."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTDC.2006.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/41457.37503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555312.1555318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Zhang X. Keahey K. Foster I. and Freeman T. 2005. Virtual cluster workspaces for grid applications. Tech. rep. TR-ANL\/MCS-P1246-0405 University of Chicago. Zhang X. Keahey K. Foster I. and Freeman T. 2005. Virtual cluster workspaces for grid applications. Tech. rep. TR-ANL\/MCS-P1246-0405 University of Chicago."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1925109.1925111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1925109.1925111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:39:26Z","timestamp":1750246766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1925109.1925111"}},"subtitle":["Virtual Machine Cloning as a First-Class Cloud Primitive"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1925109.1925111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1925109.1925111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-2071","1557-7333"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0734-2071"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7333"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}