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In this article, we take two steps to evaluate and improve the usability of mobile interfaces for such users. First, we offer an ethnographic study of the usability barriers facing 90 low-literacy subjects in India, Kenya, the Philippines, and South Africa. Then, via two studies involving over 70 subjects in India, we quantitatively compare the usability of different points in the mobile design space. In addition to text interfaces such as electronic forms, SMS, and USSD, we consider three text-free interfaces: a spoken dialog system, a graphical interface, and a live operator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our results confirm that textual interfaces are unusable by first-time low-literacy users, and error prone for literate but novice users. In the context of healthcare, we find that a live operator is up to ten times more accurate than text-based interfaces, and can also be cost effective in countries such as India. In the context of mobile banking, we find that task completion is highest with a graphical interface, but those who understand the spoken dialog system can use it more quickly due to their comfort and familiarity with speech. We synthesize our findings into a set of design recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1959022.1959024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]],"date-time":"2011-05-03T08:48:53Z","timestamp":1304412533000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["Designing mobile interfaces for novice and low-literacy users"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Indrani","family":"Medhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somani","family":"Patnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Brunskill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.N. 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