{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T21:40:14Z","timestamp":1766180414867,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comput. Entertain."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the \"Lovotics\" (Love + Robotics) research is to accomplish an amicable relationship between humans and robots to create a sentimental robotic system that is engaged in a reciprocal affective interaction with humans. This article will outline the part of the project focus which is to develop an affective audio system for Lovotics which will act as an active participant in a bidirectional nonverbal communication process with humans. This interactive audio system is capable of synthesizing real-time audio output based on eight parameters, namely, pitch, number of harmonics, amplitude, tempo, sound envelope, chronemics, proximity, and synchrony. In addition to the first five common parameters, we focused on comprehensive research and user testing on the chronemics, proximity, and synchrony (C.P.S. effect) and aimed to find out how these three factors enhance positive feelings in the human-robot interaction. These factors were determined through our study and were found to have a positive effect on the emotional interaction between humans and robots. Thus, an interactive feedback audio system is implemented which allows sentimental interaction between humans and robots. The aim of such a system is to offer new possibilities for exploring the concept and possibilities of human-robot love.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1998376.1998377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,10]],"date-time":"2011-08-10T16:16:22Z","timestamp":1312992982000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An affective interactive audio interface for Lovotics"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hooman Aghaebrahimi","family":"Samani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore"}]},{"given":"Adrian David","family":"Cheok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore"}]},{"given":"Owen Noel Newton","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7906(00)00009-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.7.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Boersma P. 2011. Praat a system for doing phonetics by computer. http:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva\/nl\/praat\/  Boersma P. 2011. Praat a system for doing phonetics by computer. http:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva\/nl\/praat\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Bowlby J. 1982. Attachment and Loss. Basic Books.  Bowlby J. 1982. Attachment and Loss . Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156855303321165079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013215010749"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronemics: The study of time in human interaction (with a glossary of chronemic terminology)","volume":"6","author":"Bruneau T.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bruneau , T. 1977 . Chronemics: The study of time in human interaction (with a glossary of chronemic terminology) . Comm. J. Comm. Assoc. Pacific 6 , 1 -- 30 . Bruneau, T. 1977. Chronemics: The study of time in human interaction (with a glossary of chronemic terminology). Comm. J. Comm. Assoc. Pacific 6, 1--30.","journal-title":"Comm. J. Comm. Assoc. Pacific"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruneau T. 1980. Chronemics and the verbalnonverbal interface. In The Relationship of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 101.  Bruneau T. 1980. Chronemics and the verbalnonverbal interface. In The Relationship of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 101.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110813098.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1027933.1027968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The generation of affect in synthesized speech","volume":"8","author":"Cahn J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cahn , J. 1990 . The generation of affect in synthesized speech . J. Amer. Voice I\/O Soc. 8 , 1, 1 -- 1 . Cahn, J. 1990. The generation of affect in synthesized speech. J. Amer. Voice I\/O Soc. 8, 1, 1--1.","journal-title":"J. Amer. Voice I\/O Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2008.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3033506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021602926270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPECOM.","volume":"1","author":"Ganchev T.","unstructured":"Ganchev , T. , Fakotakis , N. , and Kokkinakis , G . 2005. Comparative evaluation of various MFCC implementations on the speaker verification task . In Proceedings of the SPECOM. Vol. 1 , Citeseer, 191--194. Ganchev, T., Fakotakis, N., and Kokkinakis, G. 2005. Comparative evaluation of various MFCC implementations on the speaker verification task. In Proceedings of the SPECOM. Vol. 1, Citeseer, 191--194."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"The Hidden Dimension","author":"Hall E.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hall , E. 1966. Proxemic Theory . In The Hidden Dimension , Doubleday 1966 . NY. Hall, E. 1966. Proxemic Theory. In The Hidden Dimension, Doubleday 1966. NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-009-0028-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AURO.0000025789.33843.6d"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Citeseer, 528--534","author":"Lopes L.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Lopes , L. and Teixeira , A . 2000. Human-Robot interaction through spoken language dialogue . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Citeseer, 528--534 . Lopes, L. and Teixeira, A. 2000. Human-Robot interaction through spoken language dialogue. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Citeseer, 528--534."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.07.007"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop (ITRW) on Speech and Emotion.","author":"McGilloway S.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"McGilloway , S. , Cowie , R. , Douglas-Cowie , E. , Gielen , S. , Westerdijk , M. , and Stroeve , S . 2000. Approaching automatic recognition of emotion from voice: A rough benchmark . In Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop (ITRW) on Speech and Emotion. McGilloway, S., Cowie, R., Douglas-Cowie, E., Gielen, S., Westerdijk, M., and Stroeve, S. 2000. Approaching automatic recognition of emotion from voice: A rough benchmark. In Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop (ITRW) on Speech and Emotion."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Citeseer, 1402--1409","author":"Okuno H.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Okuno , H. , Nakadai , K. , Hidai , K. , Mizoguchi , H. , and Kitano , H . 2001. Human-Robot interaction through real-time auditory and visual multiple-talker tracking . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Citeseer, 1402--1409 . Okuno, H., Nakadai, K., Hidai, K., Mizoguchi, H., and Kitano, H. 2001. Human-Robot interaction through real-time auditory and visual multiple-talker tracking. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Citeseer, 1402--1409."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 5288--5293","author":"Samani H.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Samani , H. and Cheok , A . 2010. Probability of love between robots and humans . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 5288--5293 . Samani, H. and Cheok, A. 2010. Probability of love between robots and humans. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 5288--5293."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Communication (RO-MAN'10)","author":"Samani H.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Samani , H. , Cheok , A. , Ngiap , F. , Nagpal , A. , and Qiu , M . 2010. Towards a formulation of love in human-robot interaction . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Communication (RO-MAN'10) . IEEE, 94--99. Samani, H., Cheok, A., Ngiap, F., Nagpal, A., and Qiu, M. 2010. Towards a formulation of love in human-robot interaction. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Communication (RO-MAN'10). IEEE, 94--99."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human-Robot Personal Relationships (HRPR'10)","author":"Samani H.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Samani , H. , Cheok , A. , Tharakan , M. , Koh , J. , and Fernando , N . 2011. A design process for lovotics . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human-Robot Personal Relationships (HRPR'10) . (Revised Selected Papers). Springer, 118. Samani, H., Cheok, A., Tharakan, M., Koh, J., and Fernando, N. 2011. A design process for lovotics. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human-Robot Personal Relationships (HRPR'10). (Revised Selected Papers). Springer, 118."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/89.496215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-005-4847-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80231-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00084-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022980231204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00014-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Bezooijen R. 1984. Characteristics and Recognizability of Vocal Expressions of Emotion. Foris Pubns.  van Bezooijen R. 1984. Characteristics and Recognizability of Vocal Expressions of Emotion . Foris Pubns.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110850390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30543-9_71"}],"container-title":["Computers in Entertainment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1998376.1998377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1998376.1998377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:06:27Z","timestamp":1750244787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1998376.1998377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1998376.1998377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1998376.1998377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3574"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1544-3574"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}