{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T15:43:42Z","timestamp":1779119022809,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R305A0628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R305A0628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We compare two types of models to assess the prosody of children's oral reading. Template models measure how well the child's prosodic contour in reading a given sentence correlates in pitch, intensity, pauses, or word reading times with an adult narration of the same sentence. We evaluate template models directly against a common rubric used to assess fluency by hand, and indirectly by their ability to predict fluency and comprehension test scores and gains of 10 children who used Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor; the template models outpredict the human assessment.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We also use the same set of adult narrations to train generalized models for mapping text to prosody, and use them to evaluate children's prosody. Using only durational features for both types of models, the generalized models perform better at predicting fluency and comprehension posttest scores of 55 children ages 7--10, with adjusted R2 of 0.6. Such models could help teachers identify which students are making adequate progress. The generalized models have the additional advantage of not requiring an adult narration of every sentence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1998384.1998388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T19:11:58Z","timestamp":1313521918000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Two methods for assessing oral reading prosody"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Minh","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Mostow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunayana","family":"Sitaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE). M. Eskenazi Ed., 112--115","author":"Balogh J.","unstructured":"Balogh , J. , Bernstein , J. , Cheng , J. , and Townshend , B . 2007. Automatic evaluation of reading accuracy: assessing machine scores . In Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE). M. Eskenazi Ed., 112--115 . Balogh, J., Bernstein, J., Cheng, J., and Townshend, B. 2007. Automatic evaluation of reading accuracy: assessing machine scores. In Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE). M. Eskenazi Ed., 112--115."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech'03)","author":"Banerjee S.","unstructured":"Banerjee , S. , Beck , J. E. , and Mostow , J . 2003. Evaluating the effect of predicting oral reading miscues . In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech'03) , 3165--3168. Banerjee, S., Beck, J. E., and Mostow, J. 2003. Evaluating the effect of predicting oral reading miscues. In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech'03), 3165--3168."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CMU Sphinx Users and Developers Workshop.","author":"Beattie V. L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beattie , V. L. 2010 . Scientific Learning Reading Assistant#8482;: CMU Sphinx technology in a commercial educational software application . In Proceedings of the CMU Sphinx Users and Developers Workshop. Beattie, V. L. 2010. Scientific Learning Reading Assistant#8482;: CMU Sphinx technology in a commercial educational software application. In Proceedings of the CMU Sphinx Users and Developers Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatically assessing oral reading fluency in a computer tutor that listens","volume":"2","author":"Beck J. E.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beck , J. E. , Jia , P. , and Mostow , J. 2004 . Automatically assessing oral reading fluency in a computer tutor that listens . Technol. Instruc. Cogn. Lear. 2 , 1 -- 2 , 61--81. Beck, J. E., Jia, P., and Mostow, J. 2004. Automatically assessing oral reading fluency in a computer tutor that listens. Technol. Instruc. Cogn. Lear. 2, 1--2, 61--81.","journal-title":"Technol. Instruc. Cogn. Lear."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_39"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Beck J. E. and Sison J. 2006. Using knowledge tracing in a noisy environment to measure student reading proficiencies. Int. J. Art. Intel. Educ. (Special Issue \u201cBest of ITS 2004\u201d) 16 2 129--143.   Beck J. E. and Sison J. 2006. Using knowledge tracing in a noisy environment to measure student reading proficiencies. Int. J. Art. Intel. Educ. (Special Issue \u201cBest of ITS 2004\u201d) 16 2 129--143."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.45.4.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390040701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech and Language Processing (ICSLP'90)","author":"Bernstein J.","unstructured":"Bernstein , J. , Cohen , M. , Murveit , H. , Rtischev , D. and Weintraub , M . 1990. Automatic evaluation and training in English pronunciation . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech and Language Processing (ICSLP'90) . 1185--1188. Bernstein, J., Cohen, M., Murveit, H., Rtischev, D. and Weintraub, M. 1990. Automatic evaluation and training in English pronunciation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech and Language Processing (ICSLP'90). 1185--1188."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICSLP.","author":"Black M.","unstructured":"Black , M. , Tepperman , J. , Lee , S. , Price , P. , and Narayanan , S . 2007. Automatic detection and classification of disfluent reading miscues in young children's speech for the purpose of assessment . In Proceedings of ICSLP. Black, M., Tepperman, J., Lee, S., Price, P., and Narayanan, S. 2007. Automatic detection and classification of disfluent reading miscues in young children's speech for the purpose of assessment. In Proceedings of ICSLP."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Boersma P. and Weenink D. 2008. Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 5.0.33). http:\/\/www.praat.org\/.  Boersma P. and Weenink D. 2008. Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 5.0.33). http:\/\/www.praat.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Breiman L. Friedman J. H. Olshen R. A. and Stone C. J. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth & Brooks Pacific Grove CA.  Breiman L. Friedman J. H. Olshen R. A. and Stone C. J. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth & Brooks Pacific Grove CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"CMU 2008. The CMU Sphinx Group open source speech recognition engines. http:\/\/cmusphinx. sourceforge.net.  CMU 2008. The CMU Sphinx Group open source speech recognition engines. http:\/\/cmusphinx. sourceforge.net."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2004.00102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298505200303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd ISCA Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE), M. Russell, Ed.","author":"Duong M.","unstructured":"Duong , M. and Mostow , J . 2009. Detecting prosody improvement in oral rereading . In Proceedings of the 2nd ISCA Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE), M. Russell, Ed. Duong, M. and Mostow, J. 2009. Detecting prosody improvement in oral rereading. In Proceedings of the 2nd ISCA Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE), M. Russell, Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 5057--5060","author":"Gerosa M.","unstructured":"Gerosa , M. and Narayanan , S. S . 2008. Investigating automatic assessment of reading comprehension in young children . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 5057--5060 . Gerosa, M. and Narayanan, S. S. 2008. Investigating automatic assessment of reading comprehension in young children. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 5057--5060."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2007.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RT.59.7.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1996.541110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Jurafsky D. and Martin J. H. 2008. Speech and Language Processing (2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River NJ.   Jurafsky D. and Martin J. H. 2008. Speech and Language Processing (2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Frontiers of Speech Communication Research","author":"Klatt D. H.","unstructured":"Klatt , D. H. 1979. Synthesis by rule of segmental durations in English sentences . In Frontiers of Speech Communication Research , B. E. F. Lindblom and S. Ohman, Eds., Academic Press , 287--299. Klatt, D. H. 1979. Synthesis by rule of segmental durations in English sentences. In Frontiers of Speech Communication Research, B. E. F. Lindblom and S. Ohman, Eds., Academic Press, 287--299."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15548430jlr3804_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220355.1220537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/981658.981695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.4.839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.43.4.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'97)","author":"Mostow J.","unstructured":"Mostow , J. and Aist , G . 1997. The sounds of silence: Towards automated evaluation of student learning in a Reading Tutor that listens . In Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'97) . 355--361. Mostow, J. and Aist, G. 1997. The sounds of silence: Towards automated evaluation of student learning in a Reading Tutor that listens. In Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'97). 355--361."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/06AX-QW99-EQ5G-RDCF"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Mostow J. and Beck J. 2005. Micro-analysis of fluency gains in a Reading Tutor that listens: Wide vs. repeated guided oral reading. Presentation at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading.  Mostow J. and Beck J. 2005. Micro-analysis of fluency gains in a Reading Tutor that listens: Wide vs. repeated guided oral reading. Presentation at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Using automated questions to assess reading comprehension, vocabulary, and effects of tutorial interventions","volume":"2","author":"Mostow J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mostow , J. , Beck , J. , Bey , J. , Cuneo , A. , Sison , J. , Tobin , B. , and Valeri , J. 2004 . Using automated questions to assess reading comprehension, vocabulary, and effects of tutorial interventions . Techn. Instru. Cogni. Learn. 2 , 97 -- 134 . Mostow, J., Beck, J., Bey, J., Cuneo, A., Sison, J., Tobin, B., and Valeri, J. 2004. Using automated questions to assess reading comprehension, vocabulary, and effects of tutorial interventions. Techn. Instru. Cogni. Learn. 2, 97--134.","journal-title":"Techn. Instru. Cogni. Learn."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Mostow J. Beck J. Cuneo A. Gouvea E. Heiner C. and Juarez O. 2010. Lessons from Project LISTEN's Session Browser. In Handbook of Educational Data Mining C. Romero S. Ventura S.R. Viola M. Pechenizkiy and R. S. J. D. Baker Eds. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group New York 389--416.  Mostow J. Beck J. Cuneo A. Gouvea E. Heiner C. and Juarez O. 2010. Lessons from Project LISTEN's Session Browser. In Handbook of Educational Data Mining C. Romero S. Ventura S.R. Viola M. Pechenizkiy and R. S. J. D. Baker Eds. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group New York 389--416."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 785--792","author":"Mostow J.","unstructured":"Mostow , J. , Roth , S. F. , Hauptmann , A. G. , and Kane , M . 1994. A prototype reading coach that listens . In Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 785--792 . Mostow, J., Roth, S. F., Hauptmann, A. G., and Kane, M. 1994. A prototype reading coach that listens. In Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 785--792."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"In: D","author":"Mostow J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mostow , J. and Sitaram , S . 2011 . Mining data from Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor to analyze development of children's oral reading prosody. In: D . Compton Ed. Presentation at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading . Mostow, J. and Sitaram, S. 2011. Mining data from Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor to analyze development of children's oral reading prosody. In: D. Compton Ed. Presentation at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. 00-4769","unstructured":"NRP 2000. Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. 00-4769 . National Institute of Child Health & Human Development . www.nichd.nih.gov\/publications\/nrppubskey.cfm. NRP 2000. Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. 00-4769. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. www.nichd.nih.gov\/publications\/nrppubskey.cfm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Repeated reading versus continuous reading: Influences on reading fluency and comprehension. Excepti","volume":"74","author":"O'Connor R. E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"O'Connor , R. E. , White , A. , and Swanson , H. L. 2007 . Repeated reading versus continuous reading: Influences on reading fluency and comprehension. Excepti . Child. 74 , 1, 31 -- 46 . O'Connor, R. E., White, A., and Swanson, H. L. 2007. Repeated reading versus continuous reading: Influences on reading fluency and comprehension. Excepti. Child. 74, 1, 31--46.","journal-title":"Child."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Pinnell G. S. Pikulski J. J. Wixson K. K. Campbell J. R. Gough P. B. and Beatty A. S. 1995. Listening to children read aloud: Oral reading fluency National Center for Educational Statistics Washington DC.  Pinnell G. S. Pikulski J. J. Wixson K. K. Campbell J. R. Gough P. B. and Beatty A. S. 1995. Listening to children read aloud: Oral reading fluency National Center for Educational Statistics Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2009.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022643204877"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"350","article-title":"Reading fluency: More than automaticity&quest; More than a concern for the primary grades&quest; Liter","volume":"48","author":"Rasinski T.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rasinski , T. , Rikli , A. and Johnston , S. 2009 . Reading fluency: More than automaticity&quest; More than a concern for the primary grades&quest; Liter . Resear. Instr. 48 , 350 -- 361 . Rasinski, T., Rikli, A. and Johnston, S. 2009. Reading fluency: More than automaticity&quest; More than a concern for the primary grades&quest; Liter. Resear. Instr. 48, 350--361.","journal-title":"Resear. Instr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.41.4.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Soper D. S. 2010. The free statistics calculators website. http:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc\/.  Soper D. S. 2010. The free statistics calculators website. http:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICSLP.","author":"Tepperman J.","unstructured":"Tepperman , J. , Kazemzadeh , A. , and Narayanan , S . 2007. A text-free approach to assessing nonnative intonation . In Proceedings of ICSLP. Tepperman, J., Kazemzadeh, A., and Narayanan, S. 2007. A text-free approach to assessing nonnative intonation. In Proceedings of ICSLP."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2010.2047812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1994.1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Computing Prosody: Computational Models for Processing Spontaneous Speech","author":"Van Santen J. P. H.","unstructured":"Van Santen , J. P. H. 1997. Segmental duration and speech timing . In Computing Prosody: Computational Models for Processing Spontaneous Speech , Y. Sagisaka, N. Cambell and N. Higuchi Eds., Springer , 225--250. Van Santen, J. P. H. 1997. Segmental duration and speech timing. In Computing Prosody: Computational Models for Processing Spontaneous Speech, Y. Sagisaka, N. Cambell and N. Higuchi Eds., Springer, 225--250."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Multilingual Text-To-Speech Synthesis: The Bell Labs Approach","author":"Van Santen J. P. H.","unstructured":"Van Santen , J. P. H. 1998. Timing . In Multilingual Text-To-Speech Synthesis: The Bell Labs Approach , R. Sproat, Ed., Kluwer , 115--140. Van Santen, J. P. H. 1998. Timing. In Multilingual Text-To-Speech Synthesis: The Bell Labs Approach, R. Sproat, Ed., Kluwer, 115--140."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests\u2014Revised (WRMT-R\/NU). American Guidance Service","author":"Woodcock R. W.","unstructured":"Woodcock , R. W. 1998. Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests\u2014Revised (WRMT-R\/NU). American Guidance Service , Circle Pines, MN . Woodcock, R. W. 1998. Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests\u2014Revised (WRMT-R\/NU). American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Zhang X. Mostow J. and Beck J. E. 2007. Can a computer listen for fluctuations in reading comprehension&quest; In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. R. Luckin K. R. Koedinger and J. Greer Eds. IOS Press 495--502.   Zhang X. Mostow J. and Beck J. E. 2007. Can a computer listen for fluctuations in reading comprehension&quest; In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. R. Luckin K. R. Koedinger and J. Greer Eds. IOS Press 495--502."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405849109543502"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1998384.1998388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1998384.1998388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:06:27Z","timestamp":1750244787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1998384.1998388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1998384.1998388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1998384.1998388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4875","1550-4883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4875","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-08-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}