{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:09:14Z","timestamp":1776204554713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000145","name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCF-0644175CCF-0702490CCF-0811680IIS-1011919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-0644175CCF-0702490CCF-0811680IIS-1011919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000143","name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCF-0644175CCF-0702490CCF-0811680IIS-1011919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-0644175CCF-0702490CCF-0811680IIS-1011919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The appearance of complex, thick materials like textiles is determined by their 3D structure, and they are incompletely described by surface reflection models alone. While volume scattering can produce highly realistic images of such materials, creating the required volume density models is difficult. Procedural approaches require significant programmer effort and intuition to design specialpurpose algorithms for each material. Further, the resulting models lack the visual complexity of real materials with their naturally-arising irregularities.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This paper proposes a new approach to acquiring volume models, based on density data from X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans and appearance data from photographs under uncontrolled illumination. To model a material, a CT scan is made, resulting in a scalar density volume. This 3D data is processed to extract orientation information and remove noise. The resulting density and orientation fields are used in an appearance matching procedure to define scattering properties in the volume that, when rendered, produce images with texture statistics that match the photographs. As our results show, this approach can easily produce volume appearance models with extreme detail, and at larger scales the distinctive textures and highlights of a range of very different fabrics like satin and velvet emerge automatically---all based simply on having accurate mesoscale geometry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T14:17:46Z","timestamp":1311689866000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Building volumetric appearance models of fabric using micro CT imaging"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]},{"given":"Wenzel","family":"Jakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Marschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/882404.882430"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761631"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2003.1175096"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/300776.300778"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/581896.581929"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517508101799"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218446"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1833349.1778790"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Jakob W. 2010. Mitsuba renderer. http:\/\/www.mitsuba-renderer.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kajiya J. T. and Kay T. L. 1989. Rendering fur with three dimensional textures. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 89) 271--280. 10.1145\/74333.74361","DOI":"10.1145\/74333.74361"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405007308630416"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750207200810"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.005974"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2383894.2383899"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motoyoshi I. Nishida S. Sharan L. and Adelson E. 2007. Image statistics and the perception of surface qualities. Nature 206--209.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05724"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngan A. Durand F. and Matusik W. 2005. Experimental analysis of BRDF models. In Rendering Techniques 2005: 16th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering 117--126. 10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR05\/117-126","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR05\/117-126"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perlin K. and Hoffert E. M. 1989. Hypertexture. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 89) 253--262. 10.1145\/74333.74359","DOI":"10.1145\/74333.74359"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19447023708658809"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073239"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509342320"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750207200603"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2383847.2383874"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073224"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Westin S. H. Arvo J. R. and Torrance K. E. 1992. Predicting reflectance functions from complex surfaces. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92) 255--264. 10.1145\/133994.134075","DOI":"10.1145\/133994.134075"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383303"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2010324.1964939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2010324.1964939","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2010324.1964939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:22:23Z","timestamp":1750245743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2010324.1964939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2010324.1964939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2010324.1964939","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-07-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}