{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:50:31Z","timestamp":1777661431441,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We develop tomographic techniques for image synthesis on displays composed of compact volumes of light-attenuating material. Such volumetric attenuators recreate a 4D light field or high-contrast 2D image when illuminated by a uniform backlight. Since arbitrary oblique views may be inconsistent with any single attenuator, iterative tomographic reconstruction minimizes the difference between the emitted and target light fields, subject to physical constraints on attenuation. As multi-layer generalizations of conventional parallax barriers, such displays are shown, both by theory and experiment, to exceed the performance of existing dual-layer architectures. For 3D display, spatial resolution, depth of field, and brightness are increased, compared to parallax barriers. For a plane at a fixed depth, our optimization also allows optimal construction of high dynamic range displays, confirming existing heuristics and providing the first extension to multiple, disjoint layers. We conclude by demonstrating the benefits and limitations of attenuation-based light field displays using an inexpensive fabrication method: separating multiple printed transparencies with acrylic sheets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T14:17:46Z","timestamp":1311689866000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Layered 3D"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Gordon","family":"Wetzstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lanman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Media Lab"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Heidrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Raskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Media Lab"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agocs et al. 2006. A large scale interactive holographic display. In IEEE Virtual Reality 311--312. 10.1109\/VR.2006.9","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2006.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015804"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778813"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.3069667"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"742","article-title":"Method to control point spread function of an image","volume":"7","author":"Bell G. P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bell, G. P., Engel, G. D., Searle, M. J., and Evanicky, D., 2010. Method to control point spread function of an image. U.S. Patent 7,742,239.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09521"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blundell B. and Schwartz A. 1999. Volumetric Three-Dimensional Display Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press.","DOI":"10.5555\/555369"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/149346"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344932"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2046953"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S1052623494240456"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.001244"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Art of animation","volume":"2","author":"Disney W. E.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Disney, W. E., 1940. Art of animation. U.S. Patent 2,201,689.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778799"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378484"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A multilayer liquid crystal display for autostereoscopic 3D viewing","volume":"7524","author":"Gotoda H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gotoda, H. 2010. A multilayer liquid crystal display for autostereoscopic 3D viewing. In SPIE-IS&T Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI, vol. 7524, 1--8.","journal-title":"SPIE-IS&T Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778798"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Optics","author":"Hecht E.","unstructured":"Hecht, E. 2001. Optics. Addison Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtim.1995.1002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Parallax stereogram and process of making same","volume":"725","author":"Ives F. E.","year":"1903","unstructured":"Ives, F. E., 1903. Parallax stereogram and process of making same. U.S. Patent 725,567.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"2D\/3D switchable displays","volume":"4","author":"Jacobs A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacobs, A., et al. 2003. 2D\/3D switchable displays. Sharp Technical Journal, 4, 1--5.","journal-title":"Sharp Technical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276427"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kak A. C. and Slaney M. 2001. Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging. Society for Industrial Mathematics.","DOI":"10.5555\/500829"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","first-page":"260","article-title":"Photographic method and apparatus","volume":"1","author":"Kanolt C. W.","year":"1918","unstructured":"Kanolt, C. W., 1918. Photographic method and apparatus. U.S. Patent 1,260,682.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Method and apparatus for recording one-step, full-color, full-parallax, holographic stereograms","volume":"6","author":"Klug M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Klug, M., Holzbach, M., and Ferdman, A., 2001. Method and apparatus for recording one-step, full-color, full-parallax, holographic stereograms. U.S. Patent 6,330,088.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Additive and subtractive transparent depth displays","volume":"5081","author":"Kooi F. L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kooi, F. L., and Toet, A. 2003. Additive and subtractive transparent depth displays. In SPIE Enhanced and Synthetic Vision, vol. 5081, 58--65.","journal-title":"SPIE Enhanced and Synthetic Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1882261.1866164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levoy M. and Hanrahan P. 1996. Light Field Rendering. In ACM SGGRAPH 31--42. 10.1145\/237170.237199","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237199"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","first-page":"821","article-title":"\u00c9preuves r\u00e9versibles donnant la sensation du relief","volume":"7","author":"Lippmann G.","year":"1908","unstructured":"Lippmann, G. 1908. \u00c9preuves r\u00e9versibles donnant la sensation du relief. Journal of Physics 7, 4, 821--825.","journal-title":"Journal of Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema","author":"Lipton L.","unstructured":"Lipton, L. 1982. Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema. Van Nostrand Reinhold."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.468033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maeda H. Hirose K. Yamashita J. Hirota K. and Hirose M. 2003. All-around display for video avatar in real world. In IEEE\/ACM ISMAR 288--289.","DOI":"10.5555\/946248.946848"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618474"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618502"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","first-page":"997","article-title":"Volumetric display with dust as the participating medium","volume":"6","author":"Perlin K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perlin, K., and Han, J. Y., 2006. Volumetric display with dust as the participating medium. U.S. Patent 6,997,558.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","first-page":"985","article-title":"Visualization of three dimensional images and multi aspect imaging","volume":"6","author":"Putilin A. N.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Putilin, A. N., and Loukianitsa, A., 2006. Visualization of three dimensional images and multi aspect imaging. U.S. Patent 6,985,290.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","unstructured":"Reinhard E. Ward G. Debevec P. Pattanaik S. Heidrich W. and Myszkowski K. 2010. High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition Display and Image-Based Lighting. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378476"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","unstructured":"Sagi O. 2009. PolyJet Matrix Technology: A new direction in 3D printing. http:\/\/www.objet.com June."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015797"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"A solid-state multi-planar volumetric display","volume":"32","author":"Sullivan A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sullivan, A. 2003. A solid-state multi-planar volumetric display. In SID Digest, vol. 32, 207--211.","journal-title":"SID Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yendo T. Kawakami N. and Tachi S. 2005. Seelinder: the cylindrical lightfield display. In ACM SIGGRAPH Emerging Technologies. 10.1145\/1187297.1187314","DOI":"10.1145\/1187297.1187314"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"Z Corporation 2010. ZPrinter 650. http:\/\/www.zcorp.com January."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2383894.2383905"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2010324.1964990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2010324.1964990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T11:06:23Z","timestamp":1750244783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2010324.1964990"}},"subtitle":["tomographic image synthesis for attenuation-based light field and high dynamic range displays"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2010324.1964990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2010324.1964990","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-07-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}