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Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Concept maps are an important tool to organize, represent, and share knowledge. Building a concept map involves creating text-based concepts and specifying their relationships with line-based links. Current concept map tools usually impose specific task structures for text and link construction, and may increase cognitive burden to generate and interact with concept maps. While pen-based devices (e.g., tablet PCs) offer users more freedom in drawing concept maps with a pen or stylus more naturally, the support for hand-drawn concept map creation and manipulation is still limited, largely due to the lack of methods to recognize the components and structures of hand-drawn concept maps. This article proposes a method to understand hand-drawn concept maps. Our algorithm can extract node blocks, or concept blocks, and link blocks of a hand-drawn concept map by combining dynamic programming and graph partitioning, recognize the text content of each concept node, and build a concept-map structure by relating concepts and links. We also design an algorithm for concept map retrieval based on hand-drawn queries. With our algorithms, we introduce structure-based intelligent manipulation techniques and ink-based retrieval techniques to support the management and modification of hand-drawn concept maps. Results from our evaluation study show high structure recognition accuracy in real time of our method, and good usability of intelligent manipulation and retrieval techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2036264.2036275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,12]],"date-time":"2012-10-12T20:56:02Z","timestamp":1350075362000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Understanding, Manipulating and Searching Hand-Drawn Concept Maps"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong (Luke)","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozhong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1111449.1111484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1216295.1216339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1324892.1324931"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Information and Knowledge Sharing. 212--217","author":"Coffey J. 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Tahuti: A geometrical sketch recognition system for UML class diagrams . In Proceedings of AAAI Spring Symposium on Sketch Understanding. 59--66 . Hammond, T. and Davis, R. 2002. Tahuti: A geometrical sketch recognition system for UML class diagrams. In Proceedings of AAAI Spring Symposium on Sketch Understanding. 59--66."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240666"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR\u201903)","author":"Jain A. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Jain , A. K. and Namboodiri , A. M . 2003. Indexing and retrieval of on-line handwritten documents . In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR\u201903) . IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 655--659. Jain, A. K. and Namboodiri, A. M. 2003. Indexing and retrieval of on-line handwritten documents. 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