{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:02:11Z","timestamp":1773511331732,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been estimated that more than two million students started computing studies in 1999 and 650,000 of them either dropped or failed their first programming course. For the individual student, dropping such a course can distract from the completion of later courses in a computing curriculum and may even result in changing their course of study to a curriculum without programming. In this article, we report on how we set out to rehabilitate a troubled first programming course, one for which the dropout statistic and repercussion was evident. The five-year longitudinal case study described in this article began by systematically tracking the pass rate of a first programming course, its throughput, as proposed by the Theory of Constraints. The analyses of these data indicated three main problems in the course: programming discipline difficulty, course arrangement complexity, and limited student motivation. The motivation problem was approached from the Two-Factor Theory point of view. It investigated those factors that led to dissatisfaction among the students, the hygiene factors, and those factors that led to satisfaction, the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. The course arrangement complexity was found to be a hygiene factor, while the lack of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators contributed to the high dropout rates. The course improvement efforts made no attempt to change the inherent characteristics of the programming discipline, but introduced holistic changes in the course arrangements over a five-year period, from 2005 to 2009, to eliminate the hygiene factors and to increase motivational aspects of the course. This systems approach to course improvement resulted in an increase in the pass rate, from 44% prior to the changes to 68% thereafter, and the overall course atmosphere turned positive. This paper reports on the detailed changes that were made and the improvements that were achieved over this five-year period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2048931.2048935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,6]],"date-time":"2011-12-06T19:05:23Z","timestamp":1323198323000},"page":"1-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Motivation Guided Holistic Rehabilitation of the First Programming Course"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Uolevi","family":"Nikula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lappeenranta University of Technology"}]},{"given":"Orlena","family":"Gotel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Kasurinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lappeenranta University of Technology"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Notes on the Synthesis of Form","author":"Alexander C.","unstructured":"Alexander , C. 1964. Notes on the Synthesis of Form . Harvard University Press . Alexander, C. 1964. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s","volume":"25","author":"Ambrose M. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ambrose , M. L. and Kulik , C. T. 1999 . Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s . J. Man. 25 , 3, 231 -- 292 . Ambrose, M. L. and Kulik, C. T. 1999. Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s. J. Man. 25, 3, 231--292.","journal-title":"J. Man."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Agile Management for Software Engineering: Applying the Theory of Constraints for Business Results","author":"Anderson D. J.","unstructured":"Anderson , D. J. 2004. Agile Management for Software Engineering: Applying the Theory of Constraints for Business Results . Prentice Hall PTR , Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Anderson, D. J. 2004. Agile Management for Software Engineering: Applying the Theory of Constraints for Business Results. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_44"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Back to Pascal: Retro but not backwards","volume":"18","author":"Becker K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Becker , K. 2002 . Back to Pascal: Retro but not backwards . J. Comput. Sci. Coll. 18 , 2, 17 -- 27 . Becker, K. 2002. Back to Pascal: Retro but not backwards. J. Comput. Sci. Coll. 18, 2, 17--27.","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Coll."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1272848.1272879"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/030987703200065154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (WPPI\u201905)","author":"Bergin S.","unstructured":"Bergin , S. and Reilly , R . 2005. The influence of motivation and comfort-level on learning to program . In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (WPPI\u201905) . 293--304. Bergin, S. and Reilly, R. 2005. The influence of motivation and comfort-level on learning to program. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (WPPI\u201905). 293--304."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1324302.1324324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1562877.1562976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom","author":"Bonwell C. C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bonwell , C. C. and Eison , J. A . 1991 . Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom . The George Washington University , School of Education and Human Development, Washington D.C. Bonwell, C. C. and Eison, J. A. 1991. Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom. The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development, Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003780050017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08832320109599659"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1987.1663532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1083431.1083477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The act of discovery","volume":"31","author":"Bruner J. S.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Bruner , J. S. 1961 . The act of discovery . Harvard Educ. Rev. 31 , 21 -- 32 . Bruner, J. S. 1961. The act of discovery. Harvard Educ. Rev. 31, 21--32.","journal-title":"Harvard Educ. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Toward a Theory of Instruction","author":"Bruner J. S.","unstructured":"Bruner , J. S. 1966. Toward a Theory of Instruction . Harvard University Press . Bruner, J. S. 1966. Toward a Theory of Instruction. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1513593.1513597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.1992.tb00001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0273475300222008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1185216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Out of the Crisis","author":"Deming W. E.","unstructured":"Deming , W. E. 1990. Out of the Crisis . Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA . Deming, W. E. 1990. Out of the Crisis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Determinants of business student satisfaction and retention in higher education: Applying Herzberg\u2019s two-factor theory","volume":"19","author":"Deshields O. W. J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deshields , O. W. J. , Kara , A. , and Kaynak , E. 2005 . Determinants of business student satisfaction and retention in higher education: Applying Herzberg\u2019s two-factor theory . Int. J. Educ. Man. 19 , 2, 128 -- 139 . Deshields, O. W. J., Kara, A., and Kaynak, E. 2005. Determinants of business student satisfaction and retention in higher education: Applying Herzberg\u2019s two-factor theory. Int. J. Educ. Man. 19, 2, 128--139.","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Man."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Goldratt\u2019s Theory of Constraints: A Systems Approach to Continuous Improvement","author":"Dettmer H. W.","unstructured":"Dettmer , H. W. 1997. Goldratt\u2019s Theory of Constraints: A Systems Approach to Continuous Improvement . ASQ Quality Press , Wilwaykee, WI . Dettmer, H. W. 1997. Goldratt\u2019s Theory of Constraints: A Systems Approach to Continuous Improvement. ASQ Quality Press, Wilwaykee, WI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1163405.1163409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09684880810848396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09534810210429309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"ECTS users","author":"European Commission","unstructured":"European Commission . 2009. ECTS users \u2019 guide. Report, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Belgium . European Commission. 2009. ECTS users\u2019 guide. Report, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Belgium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 2010. The Bologna process - Towards the European higher education area. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/education\/higher-education\/doc1290_en.htm. European Commission . 2010. The Bologna process - Towards the European higher education area. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/education\/higher-education\/doc1290_en.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2004.842924"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-83742-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940910996789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800104.803372"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"A tale of three classes: Case studies in course complexity","volume":"9","author":"Gill T. G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gill , T. G. and Jones , J. 2010 . A tale of three classes: Case studies in course complexity . J. Inf. Technol. Educ. 9 , 29 . Gill, T. G. and Jones, J. 2010. A tale of three classes: Case studies in course complexity. J. Inf. Technol. Educ. 9, 29.","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaser B. and Strauss A. L. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine Chicago. Glaser B. and Strauss A. L. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research . Aldine Chicago.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-196807000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE International Conference on Frontiers in Education Conference (FEC\u201909)","author":"Golding P.","unstructured":"Golding , P. , Donaldson , O. , and Tennant , V . 2009. Application of modified perceived learning problem inventory (PLPI) to investigate performance in introductory programming . In Proceedings of the 39th IEEE International Conference on Frontiers in Education Conference (FEC\u201909) . 366--371. Golding, P., Donaldson, O., and Tennant, V. 2009. Application of modified perceived learning problem inventory (PLPI) to investigate performance in introductory programming. In Proceedings of the 39th IEEE International Conference on Frontiers in Education Conference (FEC\u201909). 366--371."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"What Is This Thing Called Theory of Constraints and How Should It Be Implemented? North River Press","author":"Goldratt E. M.","unstructured":"Goldratt , E. M. 1994. What Is This Thing Called Theory of Constraints and How Should It Be Implemented? North River Press , Great Barrington, MA . Goldratt, E. M. 1994. What Is This Thing Called Theory of Constraints and How Should It Be Implemented? North River Press, Great Barrington, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement","author":"Goldratt E. M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goldratt , E. M. and Cox , J . 2004 . The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement 3 rd Ed. North River Press , Great Barrington, MA . Goldratt, E. M. and Cox, J. 2004. The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement 3rd Ed. North River Press, Great Barrington, MA.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-2005-24103","article-title":"Significant enhancement of academic achievement through application of the Theory of Constraints (TOC)","volume":"24","author":"Goldratt R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldratt , R. and Weiss , N. 2005 . Significant enhancement of academic achievement through application of the Theory of Constraints (TOC) . Hum. Syst. Man. 24 , 1, 13 -- 19 . Goldratt, R. and Weiss, N. 2005. Significant enhancement of academic achievement through application of the Theory of Constraints (TOC). Hum. Syst. Man. 24, 1, 13--19.","journal-title":"Hum. Syst. Man."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Hygiene factors in professional education programs","volume":"137","author":"Grollman W. K.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Grollman , W. K. 1974 . Hygiene factors in professional education programs . J. Account. 137 , 1, 85 -- 88 . Grollman, W. K. 1974. Hygiene factors in professional education programs. J. Account. 137, 1, 85--88.","journal-title":"J. Account."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1506409.1506420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/505248.505261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(76)90016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1525880.1525883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"One more time: How do you motivate employees","volume":"46","author":"Herzberg F.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Herzberg , F. 1968 . One more time: How do you motivate employees ? Harvard Bus. Rev. 46 , 1, 53 -- 62 . Herzberg, F. 1968. One more time: How do you motivate employees? Harvard Bus. Rev. 46, 1, 53--62.","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Herzberg F. Mausner B. and Snyderman B. B. 1959. The Motivation to Work. Wiley New York. Herzberg F. Mausner B. and Snyderman B. B. 1959. The Motivation to Work . Wiley New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1163405.1163410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Using the Theory of Constraints to improve the identification and solution of managerial problems","volume":"22","author":"Hsu P.-F.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsu , P.-F. and Sun , M.-H. 2005 . Using the Theory of Constraints to improve the identification and solution of managerial problems . Int. J. Man. 22 , 3, 415 -- 425 . Hsu, P.-F. and Sun, M.-H. 2005. Using the Theory of Constraints to improve the identification and solution of managerial problems. Int. J. Man. 22, 3, 415--425.","journal-title":"Int. J. Man."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0501_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/377435.377472"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Learning and Teaching Support Network Conference (LTSN-ICS\u201902)","author":"Jenkins T.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jenkins , T. 2002 . On the difficulty of learning to program . In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Learning and Teaching Support Network Conference (LTSN-ICS\u201902) . 53--58. Jenkins, T. 2002. On the difficulty of learning to program. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Learning and Teaching Support Network Conference (LTSN-ICS\u201902). 53--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2008.2010983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/203356.203373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula. 2001. Computing Curricula 2001 for Computer Science. http:\/\/www.acm.org\/education\/curricula.html. Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula . 2001. Computing Curricula 2001 for Computer Science. http:\/\/www.acm.org\/education\/curricula.html.","DOI":"10.1145\/384274.384275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula. 2004. Software Engineering 2004: Curriculum guidelines for undergraduate degree programs in software engineering. http:\/\/www.acm.org\/education\/curricula.html. Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula . 2004. Software Engineering 2004: Curriculum guidelines for undergraduate degree programs in software engineering. http:\/\/www.acm.org\/education\/curricula.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Python as a Programming Language for the Introductory Programming Courses. Bachelor thesis (In Finnish). Department of Information Technology","author":"Kasurinen J.","unstructured":"Kasurinen , J. 2006. Python as a Programming Language for the Introductory Programming Courses. Bachelor thesis (In Finnish). Department of Information Technology , Lappeenranta University of Technology , Finland . Kasurinen, J. 2006. Python as a Programming Language for the Introductory Programming Courses. Bachelor thesis (In Finnish). Department of Information Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education (IASTED\u201907)","author":"Kasurinen J.","unstructured":"Kasurinen , J. and Nikula , U . 2007. Lower dropout rates and better grades through revised course infrastructure . In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education (IASTED\u201907) . 152--157. Kasurinen, J. and Nikula, U. 2007. Lower dropout rates and better grades through revised course infrastructure. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education (IASTED\u201907). 152--157."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1562877.1562972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG\u201908)","author":"Kasurinen J.","unstructured":"Kasurinen , J. , Purmonen , M. , and Nikula , U . 2008. A study of visualization in introductory programming . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG\u201908) . 181--194. Kasurinen, J., Purmonen, M., and Nikula, U. 2008. A study of visualization in introductory programming. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG\u201908). 181--194."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution","author":"Kauffman S.","unstructured":"Kauffman , S. 1993. Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution . Oxford University Press . Kauffman, S. 1993. Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1089733.1089734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1151588.1151604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1404520.1404529"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1288580.1288589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067445.1067453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Hawthorne Revisited: Management and the Worker, Its Critics, and Developments in Human Relations in Industry","author":"Landsberger H. A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Landsberger , H. A. 1968 . Hawthorne Revisited: Management and the Worker, Its Critics, and Developments in Human Relations in Industry . Cornell University , Ithaca, NY . Landsberger, H. A. 1968. Hawthorne Revisited: Management and the Worker, Its Critics, and Developments in Human Relations in Industry. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.14.3.221.16560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepper M. R. and Henderlong J. 2000. Turning \u201cPlay\u201d into \u201cWork\u201d and \u201cWork\u201d into \u201cPlay\u201d: 25 years of research on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. In Intrinsic Motivation: Controversies and New Directions C. Sansone and J. Harackiewicz Eds. Academic Press San Diego 257--307. Lepper M. R. and Henderlong J. 2000. Turning \u201cPlay\u201d into \u201cWork\u201d and \u201cWork\u201d into \u201cPlay\u201d: 25 years of research on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. In Intrinsic Motivation: Controversies and New Directions C. Sansone and J. Harackiewicz Eds. Academic Press San Diego 257--307.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012619070-0\/50032-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","article-title":"Goldratt\u2019s thinking process applied to the budget constraints of a Texas MHMR facility","volume":"26","author":"Lloyd III, J. T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lloyd III, J. T. and Lana , C. 2003 . Goldratt\u2019s thinking process applied to the budget constraints of a Texas MHMR facility . J. Health Hum. Serv. Admin. 26 , 3\/4, 416--437. Lloyd III, J. T. and Lana, C. 2003. Goldratt\u2019s thinking process applied to the budget constraints of a Texas MHMR facility. J. Health Hum. Serv. Admin. 26, 3\/4, 416--437.","journal-title":"J. Health Hum. Serv. Admin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Logo Foundation. 2010. Logo Foundation. Available online at http:\/\/el.media.mit.edu\/logo-foundation\/. Logo Foundation . 2010. Logo Foundation. Available online at http:\/\/el.media.mit.edu\/logo-foundation\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","article-title":"The performance of the theory of constraints methodology: Analysis and discussion of successful TOC applications","volume":"23","author":"Mabin V. J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mabin , V. J. and Balderstone , S. J. 2003 . The performance of the theory of constraints methodology: Analysis and discussion of successful TOC applications . Int. J. Operat. Prod. Man. 23 , 5\/6, 568--595. Mabin, V. J. and Balderstone, S. J. 2003. The performance of the theory of constraints methodology: Analysis and discussion of successful TOC applications. Int. J. Operat. Prod. Man. 23, 5\/6, 568--595.","journal-title":"Int. J. Operat. Prod. Man."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Maslow A. 1954. Motivation and Personality. Harper and Row New York. Maslow A. 1954. Motivation and Personality . Harper and Row New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering: Education and Practice (CSE\u201996)","author":"McIver L.","unstructured":"McIver , L. and Conway , D . 1996. Seven deadly sins of introductory programming language design . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering: Education and Practice (CSE\u201996) . 309--316. McIver, L. and Conway, D. 1996. Seven deadly sins of introductory programming language design. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering: Education and Practice (CSE\u201996). 309--316."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/971300.971386"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508865.1509019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Innovative Techniques in Instruction Technology, E-learning, E-assessment, and Education","author":"Mow I. T. C.","unstructured":"Mow , I. T. C. 2008. Issues and difficulties in teaching novice computer programming . In Innovative Techniques in Instruction Technology, E-learning, E-assessment, and Education , M. Iskander Ed., Springer , 199--204. Mow, I. T. C. 2008. Issues and difficulties in teaching novice computer programming. In Innovative Techniques in Instruction Technology, E-learning, E-assessment, and Education, M. Iskander Ed., Springer, 199--204."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1513593.1513600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"The Study Record Analysis of Fundamentals of Programming Course. Bachelor thesis (In Finnish). Department of Information Technology","author":"Pirinen T.","unstructured":"Pirinen , T. 2008. The Study Record Analysis of Fundamentals of Programming Course. Bachelor thesis (In Finnish). Department of Information Technology , Lappeenranta University of Technology , Finland . Pirinen, T. 2008. The Study Record Analysis of Fundamentals of Programming Course. Bachelor thesis (In Finnish). Department of Information Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2007.901981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Using the Theory of Constraints to improve competitiveness: An airline case study","volume":"16","author":"Polito T.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polito , T. , Watson , K. , and Vokurka , R. J. 2006 . Using the Theory of Constraints to improve competitiveness: An airline case study . Compet. Rev. 16 , 1, 44 -- 50 . Polito, T., Watson, K., and Vokurka, R. J. 2006. Using the Theory of Constraints to improve competitiveness: An airline case study. Compet. Rev. 16, 1, 44--50.","journal-title":"Compet. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Python Software Foundation. 2010. Python Programming Language - Official Website. http:\/\/www.python.org\/. Python Software Foundation . 2010. Python Programming Language - Official Website. http:\/\/www.python.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Conference on Computing Education -","volume":"20","author":"Raadt M. D.","unstructured":"Raadt , M. D. , Watson , R. , and Toleman , M . 2003. Language tug-of-war: Industry demand and academic choice . In Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Conference on Computing Education - Volume 20 (ACE\u201903). 137--142. Raadt, M. D., Watson, R., and Toleman, M. 2003. Language tug-of-war: Industry demand and academic choice. In Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Conference on Computing Education - Volume 20 (ACE\u201903). 137--142."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"Rajala T. Laakso M.-J. and Kaila E. 2009. ViLLE - The Visual Learning Tool. http:\/\/ville.cs.utu.fi\/. Rajala T. Laakso M.-J. and Kaila E. 2009. ViLLE - The Visual Learning Tool. http:\/\/ville.cs.utu.fi\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2008.930508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169070.169361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1584322.1584332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1151588.1151593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08832320209599695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"Writing MIS mini-cases to enhance cooperative learning: A Theory of Constraints approach","volume":"13","author":"Sirias D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sirias , D. 2002 b. Writing MIS mini-cases to enhance cooperative learning: A Theory of Constraints approach . J. Inf. Sys. Educ. 13 , 4, 351 -- 356 . Sirias, D. 2002b. Writing MIS mini-cases to enhance cooperative learning: A Theory of Constraints approach. J. Inf. Sys. Educ. 13, 4, 351--356.","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sys. Educ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/6592.214913"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1186639.1186641"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","unstructured":"Strauss A. L. and Corbin J. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory 2nd Ed. Sage Publications Thousand Oaks CA. Strauss A. L. and Corbin J. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory 2nd Ed. Sage Publications Thousand Oaks CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191029.191064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Manage your projects for success: An application of the Theory of Constraints","volume":"41","author":"Umble M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Umble , M. and Umble , E. 2000 . Manage your projects for success: An application of the Theory of Constraints . Prod. Inven. Man. J. 41 , 2, 27 -- 32 . Umble, M. and Umble, E. 2000. Manage your projects for success: An application of the Theory of Constraints. Prod. Inven. Man. J. 41, 2, 27--32.","journal-title":"Prod. Inven. Man. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740610641517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG\u201904)","author":"Wiedenbeck S.","unstructured":"Wiedenbeck , S. , Labelle , D. , and Kain , V. N. R. 2004. Factors affecting course outcomes in introductory programming . In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG\u201904) . 97--110. Wiedenbeck, S., Labelle, D., and Kain, V. N. R. 2004. Factors affecting course outcomes in introductory programming. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG\u201904). 97--110."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/366413.364581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","unstructured":"Viope Solutions Ltd. 2010. Viope Solutions. http:\/\/www.viope.com. Viope Solutions Ltd . 2010. Viope Solutions. http:\/\/www.viope.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","unstructured":"Vroom V. H. 1964. Work and Motivation. Wiley New York. Vroom V. H. 1964. Work and Motivation . Wiley New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(02)00072-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Case Study Research: Design and Methods","author":"Yin R. K.","unstructured":"Yin , R. K. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods 3 rd Ed. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks , CA. Yin, R. K. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods 3rd Ed. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2048931.2048935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2048931.2048935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:48:38Z","timestamp":1750240118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2048931.2048935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2048931.2048935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2048931.2048935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}