{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:26:48Z","timestamp":1750307208344,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1016921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1016921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The high-dimensional nature of the textual data complicates the design of visualization tools to support exploration of large document corpora. In this article, we first argue that the Parallel Coordinates (PC) technique, which can map multidimensional vectors onto a 2D space in such a way that elements with similar values are represented as similar poly-lines or curves in the visualization space, can be used to help users discern patterns in document collections. The inherent reduction in dimensionality during the mapping from multidimensional points to 2D lines, however, may result in visual complications. For instance, the lines that correspond to clusters of objects that are separate in the multidimensional space may overlap each other in the 2D space; the resulting increase in the number of crossings would make it hard to distinguish the individual document clusters. Such crossings of lines and overly dense regions are significant sources of visual clutter, thus avoiding them may help interpret the visualization. In this article, we note that visual clutter can be significantly reduced by adjusting the resolution of the individual term coordinates by clustering the corresponding values. Such reductions in the resolution of the individual term-coordinates, however, will lead to a certain degree of information loss and thus the appropriate resolution for the term-coordinates has to be selected carefully. Thus, in this article we propose a controlled clutter reduction approach, called<jats:italic>Parallel hierarchical Coordinates<\/jats:italic>(or<jats:italic>PhC<\/jats:italic>), for reducing the visual clutter in PC-based visualizations of text corpora. We define visual clutter and information loss measures and provide extensive evaluations that show that the proposed PhC provides significant visual gains (i.e., multiple orders of reductions in visual clutter) with small information loss during visualization and exploration of document collections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2089094.2089098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,12]],"date-time":"2012-10-12T20:56:02Z","timestamp":1350075362000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["PhC"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"K. Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Candan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Di Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Torino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Sapino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Torino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Aggarwal G. Tomas Feder K. K. Motwani R. Panigrahy R. Thomas D. and Zhu A. 2005. Approximation algorithms for k-anonymity. J. Privacy Technol. Aggarwal G. Tomas Feder K. K. Motwani R. Panigrahy R. Thomas D. and Zhu A. 2005. Approximation algorithms for k-anonymity. J. Privacy Technol."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Visualization Conference.","author":"Ankerst M.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Ankerst , M. , Keim , D. A. , and Kriegel , H . -P. 1996. Circle segments: A technique for visually exploring large multidimensional data sets . In Proceedings of the Visualization Conference. Ankerst, M., Keim, D. A., and Kriegel, H.-P. 1996. Circle segments: A technique for visually exploring large multidimensional data sets. In Proceedings of the Visualization Conference."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium in Information Visualization (INFOVIS).","author":"Ankerst M.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Ankerst , M. , Berchtold , S. , and Keim , D. A . 1998. Similarity clustering of dimensions for an enhanced visualization of multidimensional data . In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium in Information Visualization (INFOVIS). Ankerst, M., Berchtold, S., and Keim, D. A. 1998. Similarity clustering of dimensions for an enhanced visualization of multidimensional data. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium in Information Visualization (INFOVIS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1038262.1038786"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Bartels R. Beatty J. and Barsky B. 1995. An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling. Morgan Kaufmann. Bartels R. Beatty J. and Barsky B. 1995. An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling . Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb024320"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 421--430","author":"Borzsonyi S.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Borzsonyi , S. , Kossmann , D. , Stocker , K. , and Passau , U . 2001. The skyline operator . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 421--430 . Borzsonyi, S., Kossmann, D., Stocker, K., and Passau, U. 2001. The skyline operator. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 421--430."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1018435.1021640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"S., Foresti, S.","author":"Ciriani V.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ciriani , V. , De Capitani di Vimercati , S., Foresti, S. , and Samarati, P. 2007 . k-anonymity. In Secure Data Management in Decentralized Systems, T. Yu and S. Jajodia Eds., Springer , 323--353. Ciriani, V., De Capitani di Vimercati, S., Foresti, S., and Samarati, P. 2007. k-anonymity. In Secure Data Management in Decentralized Systems, T. Yu and S. Jajodia Eds., Springer, 323--353."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox T. and Cox M. 2001. Multidimensional Scaling. Chapman Hall. Cox T. and Cox M. 2001. Multidimensional Scaling . Chapman Hall.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367801700"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"et al","author":"Deerwester S. C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Deerwester , S. C. , Dumais , S. T. , Furnas , G. W. , Harshman , R. A. , and Landauer , T. K. , et al . 1989 . Computer information retrieval using latent semantic structure. http:\/\/www.mendeley.com\/research\/computer-information-retrieval-using-latent-semantic-structure-1\/. Deerwester, S. C., Dumais, S. T., Furnas, G. W., Harshman, R. A., and Landauer, T. K., et al. 1989. Computer information retrieval using latent semantic structure. http:\/\/www.mendeley.com\/research\/computer-information-retrieval-using-latent-semantic-structure-1\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Dempster A. P.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dempster , A. P. , Laird , N. M. , and Rubin , D. B. 1977 . Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm . J. Royal Statist. Soc. 39 , 1, 1 -- 38 . Series B. Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., and Rubin, D. B. 1977. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J. Royal Statist. Soc. 39, 1, 1--38. Series B.","journal-title":"J. Royal Statist. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1401890.1402021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1321440.1321473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14863"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Fortuna B. Grobelnik M. and Mladenic\u2019 D. 2005. Visualization of text document corpus. Informatica 497--502. Fortuna B. Grobelnik M. and Mladenic\u2019 D. 2005. Visualization of text document corpus. Informatica 497--502."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS\u201999)","author":"Fua Y.-H.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Fua , Y.-H. , Ward , M. O. , and Rundensteiner , E. A . 1999a. Hierarchical parallel coordinates for exploration of large datasets . In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS\u201999) . IEEE Computer Society. Fua, Y.-H., Ward, M. O., and Rundensteiner, E. A. 1999a. Hierarchical parallel coordinates for exploration of large datasets. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS\u201999). IEEE Computer Society."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis\u201999)","author":"Fua Y. H.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Fua , Y. H. , Ward , M. O. , and Rundensteiner , E. A . 1999b. Navigating hierarchies with structure-based brushes . In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis\u201999) . G. Wills and D. Keim Eds. Fua, Y. H., Ward, M. O., and Rundensteiner, E. A. 1999b. Navigating hierarchies with structure-based brushes. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis\u201999). G. Wills and D. Keim Eds."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis\u201903)","author":"Graham M.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Graham , M. and Kennedy , J . 2003. Using curves to enhance parallel coordinate visualisations . In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis\u201903) . Graham, M. and Kennedy, J. 2003. Using curves to enhance parallel coordinate visualisations. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis\u201903)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Multidisciplinary Information Sciences and Technologies (InScit\u201906)","author":"Hassan-Montero Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Hassan-Montero , Y. and Herrero-Solana , V . 2006a. Improving tag-clouds as visual information retrieval interfaces . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multidisciplinary Information Sciences and Technologies (InScit\u201906) . Hassan-Montero, Y. and Herrero-Solana, V. 2006a. Improving tag-clouds as visual information retrieval interfaces. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multidisciplinary Information Sciences and Technologies (InScit\u201906)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan-Montero Y. and Herrero-Solana V. 2006b. Interfaz visual para recuperacin de informacin basada en anlisis de metadatos escalamiento multidimensional y efecto ojo de pez. El Profesional de la Informaci\u00f3n 15 4. Hassan-Montero Y. and Herrero-Solana V. 2006b. Interfaz visual para recuperacin de informacin basada en anlisis de metadatos escalamiento multidimensional y efecto ojo de pez. El Profesional de la Informaci\u00f3n 15 4.","DOI":"10.3145\/epi.2006.jul.05"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201997)","author":"Hoffman P.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Hoffman , P. , Grinstein , G. , Marx , K. , Grosse , I. , and Stanley , E . 1997. Dna visual and analytic data mining . In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201997) . IEEE Computer Society Press. Hoffman, P., Grinstein, G., Marx, K., Grosse, I., and Stanley, E. 1997. Dna visual and analytic data mining. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201997). IEEE Computer Society Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.147"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Visualization Conference (VIS). 361--378","author":"Inselberg A.","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Inselberg , A. and Dimsdale , B . 1990. Parallel coordinates: A tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry . In Proceedings of the Visualization Conference (VIS). 361--378 . Inselberg, A. and Dimsdale, B. 1990. Parallel coordinates: A tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry. In Proceedings of the Visualization Conference (VIS). 361--378."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.841121"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology","author":"Koffka K.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Koffka , K. 1999. Principles of Gestalt Psychology . Psychology Press . Koffka, K. 1999. Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066157.1066164"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering.","author":"Li N.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Li , N. and Li , T . 2007. t-closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity . In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering. Li, N. and Li, T. 2007. t-closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the SDM Conference. 418--429","author":"Lin Y.-R.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Lin , Y.-R. , Sun , J. , Cao , N. , and Liu , S . 2010. Contextour: Contextual contour analysis on dynamic multi-relational clustering . In Proceedings of the SDM Conference. 418--429 . Lin, Y.-R., Sun, J., Cao, N., and Liu, S. 2010. Contextour: Contextual contour analysis on dynamic multi-relational clustering. In Proceedings of the SDM Conference. 418--429."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1217299.1217302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1055558.1055591"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Central European Seminar on Computer Graphics (CESCG).","author":"Novotn M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Novotn , M. 2004 . Visually effective information visualization of large data . In Proceedings of the Central European Seminar on Computer Graphics (CESCG). Novotn, M. 2004. Visually effective information visualization of large data. In Proceedings of the Central European Seminar on Computer Graphics (CESCG)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1038262.1038787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/69.971193"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy.","author":"Samarati P.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Samarati , P. and Sweeney , L . 1998. Protecting privacy when disclosing information: k-anonymity and its enforcement through generalization and suppression . In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy. Samarati, P. and Sweeney, L. 1998. Protecting privacy when disclosing information: k-anonymity and its enforcement through generalization and suppression. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1038262.1038783"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/102377.115768"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/633292.633361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1645953.1646223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"The Visual Display of Quantitative Information","author":"Tufte E. R.","unstructured":"Tufte , E. R. 2001. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information 2 nd Ed. Graphics Press . Tufte, E. R. 2001. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information 2nd Ed. Graphics Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201996)","author":"Wong P. C.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Wong , P. C. and Bergeron , R. D . 1996. Multiresolution multidimensional wavelet brushing . In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201996) . IEEE Computer Society Press, 141--ff. Wong, P. C. and Bergeron, R. D. 1996. Multiresolution multidimensional wavelet brushing. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201996). IEEE Computer Society Press, 141--ff."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201997)","author":"Wong P. C.","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Wong , P. C. and Bergeron , R. D . 1997. Multivariate visualization using metric scaling . In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201997) . IEEE Computer Society Press, 111--ff. Wong, P. C. and Bergeron, R. D. 1997. Multivariate visualization using metric scaling. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Visualization (VIS\u201997). IEEE Computer Society Press, 111--ff."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization.","author":"Yang J.","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Yang , J. , Peng , W. , Ward , M. O. , and Rundensteiner , E. A . 2003. Interactive hierarchical dimension ordering, spacing and filtering for exploration of high dimensional datasets . In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization. Yang, J., Peng, W., Ward, M. O., and Rundensteiner, E. A. 2003. Interactive hierarchical dimension ordering, spacing and filtering for exploration of high dimensional datasets. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01476.x"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2089094.2089098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2089094.2089098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T10:06:30Z","timestamp":1750241190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2089094.2089098"}},"subtitle":["Multiresolution Visualization and Exploration of Text Corpora with Parallel Hierarchical Coordinates"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2089094.2089098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2089094.2089098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2157-6904"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2157-6912"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}