{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:43:54Z","timestamp":1778345034166,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000143","name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCF-1017142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1017142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic systems on a chip increasingly suffer from component variation, voltage noise, thermal hotspots, and other subtle physical phenomena. Systems with reconfigurability have unique opportunities for adapting to such effects. Required, however, are low-cost, fine-grained methods for sensing physical parameters. This article presents powerful, novel approaches to online sensing, including methods for designing compact reconfigurable sensors, low-cost threshold detection, and several enhanced measurement procedures. Together, the approaches help enable systems to autonomously uncover a wealth of physical information. A highly efficient counter and improved ring oscillator are introduced, enabling an entire sensor node in just 8 Virtex-5 LUTs. We describe how variations can be measured in delay, temperature, switching-induced IR drop, and leakage-induced IR drop. We demonstrate the proposed approach with an experimental system based on a Virtex-5, instrumented with over 100 sensors at an overhead of only 1.3%. Results from thermally controlled experiments provide some surprising insights and illustrate the utility of the approach. Online sensing can help open the door to physically adaptive computing, including fine-grained power, reliability, and health management schemes for systems on a chip.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2133352.2133353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]],"date-time":"2012-03-20T12:04:05Z","timestamp":1332245045000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Low-cost sensing with ring oscillator arrays for healthier reconfigurable systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Zick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute, Arlington, VA"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2007.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Quality Electronic Design. 35--40","author":"Ajami A. H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 504--507","author":"Aloisio A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications.","author":"Betz V.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications. 69--78","author":"Boemo E."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongard J. Zykov V. and Lipson H. 2006. Resilient machines through continuous self-modeling. Science 314 5802 1118--1121.  Bongard J. Zykov V. and Lipson H. 2006. Resilient machines through continuous self-modeling. Science 314 5802 1118--1121.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","article-title":"A fully digital time-domain smart temperature sensor realized with 140 FPGA logic elements","volume":"1","author":"Chen P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. 1--6.","author":"Cheng L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.280803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Conn  Jr. R. 2000. Method and apparatus for measuring localized temperatures on integrated circuits. U.S. Patent 6067508.  Conn Jr. R. 2000. Method and apparatus for measuring localized temperatures on integrated circuits. U.S. Patent 6067508."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2010.5433997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filanovsky L. M. and Allam A. 2001. Mutual compensation of mobility and threshold voltage temperature effects with applications in CMOS circuits. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. 1 48 7 876--884.  Filanovsky L. M. and Allam A. 2001. Mutual compensation of mobility and threshold voltage temperature effects with applications in CMOS circuits. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. 1 48 7 876--884.","DOI":"10.1109\/81.933328"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Science Technology Forum.","author":"Flatley T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Fletcher J. Perlman M. Rousey W. and Messner A. 1975. System for generating timing and control signals. U.S. Patent 3866022.  Fletcher J. Perlman M. Rousey W. and Messner A. 1975. System for generating timing and control signals. U.S. Patent 3866022."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Southern Programmable Logic Conference. 133--137","author":"Franco J. J. L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. 2011. http:\/\/www.itrs.net.  International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. 2011. http:\/\/www.itrs.net."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2009.5160976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications. 246--253","author":"Jones P. H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture. 79--90","author":"Joseph R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1013235.1013268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/968280.968292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy A. and Detofsky A. 2007. Mapping variations in local temperature and local power supply voltage that are present during operation of an integrated circuit. U.S. Patent 7233163.  Krishnamoorthy A. and Detofsky A. 2007. Mapping variations in local temperature and local power supply voltage that are present during operation of an integrated circuit. U.S. Patent 7233163."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging. 319--322","author":"Lalgudi S. N."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508128.1508135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design of Circuit and Integrated Systems. 727--730","author":"L\u00f3pez-Buedo S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/968280.968293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Aided Design. 722--727","author":"Mangalagiri P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2004.825120"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European ASIC. 334--338","author":"Qu\u00e9not G. M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Field Programmable Technology. 97--104","author":"Sedcole P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Military and Aerospace FPGA and Applications Meeting.","author":"Sheldon D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2006.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1950413.1950462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2006.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Conference on Solid-State Circuits. 101--104","author":"Takahashi T."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Velusamy S. Huang W. Lach J. and Skadron K. 2004. Monitoring temperature in FPGA based SoCs. CS Tech. rep. CS-2004-39 University of Virginia.  Velusamy S. Huang W. Lach J. and Skadron K. 2004. Monitoring temperature in FPGA based SoCs. CS Tech. rep. CS-2004-39 University of Virginia."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2009.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Aided Design. 19--24","author":"Wong H. Y."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 2074--2077","author":"Wu C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 2009--2012","author":"Wu T.-Y."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc. 1997. XC3000 series technical information. XAPP 024 (v 1.0).  Xilinx Inc. 1997. XC3000 series technical information. XAPP 024 (v 1.0)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc. 2007. Linear feedback shift registers in virtex devices. App. note XAPP210 (v1.3).  Xilinx Inc. 2007. Linear feedback shift registers in virtex devices. App. note XAPP210 (v1.3)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc. 2009. Xilinx UG 192 Virtex-5 FPGA System Monitor User Guide v1. 7.  Xilinx Inc. 2009. Xilinx UG 192 Virtex-5 FPGA System Monitor User Guide v1. 7."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc. 2010. Radiation-hardened space-grade Virtex-5QV device overview. DS192 (v1.1).  Xilinx Inc. 2010. Radiation-hardened space-grade Virtex-5QV device overview. DS192 (v1.1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc. 2011. Lowering power at 28 nm with Xilinx 7 series FPGAs. WP389 (v1.0).  Xilinx Inc. 2011. Lowering power at 28 nm with Xilinx 7 series FPGAs. WP389 (v1.0)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1723112.1723153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2010.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SASO.2010.13"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2133352.2133353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2133352.2133353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T10:06:05Z","timestamp":1750241165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2133352.2133353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2133352.2133353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2133352.2133353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7406","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-03-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}