{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:25:19Z","timestamp":1776983119656,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this article, we propose a data storage system with the emerging nonvolatile memory technologies used for the implantable electrocardiography (ECG) recorder. The proposed storage system can record the digitalized real-time ECG waveforms continuously inside the implantable device and export the stored data to external reader periodically to obtain a long-term backup. Spin transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) and spintronic memristor are selected as the storage elements for their nonvolatility, high density, high reliability, low power consumption, good scalability, and CMOS technology compatibility. The new read and write schemes of STT-RAM and spintronic memristors are presented and optimized to fit the specific application scenario. The tradeoffs among data accuracy, chip area, and read\/write energy for the different technologies are thoroughly analyzed and compared. Our simulation results show the configuration with a data sampling rate (e.g., 128 Hz) and a quantization resolution (e.g., 12 bits) can record 18-hour real-time data within ~ 3.6-mm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            chip area when the data storage is built with single-level cell (SLC) STT-RAMs. Daily energy consumption is 5.46 mJ. Utilizing the multilevel cell (MLC) STT-RAMs or the spintronic memristors as the storage elements can further reduce the chip area and decrease energy dissipation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2180878.2180885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T13:31:17Z","timestamp":1340803877000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nonvolatile Memories as the Data Storage System for Implantable ECG Recorder"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of New York University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of New York University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume":"321","author":"Bazaliy Y.","unstructured":"Bazaliy , Y. , Jones , B. , and Zhang , S. 1998. Modification of the Landau-Lifshitz equation in the presence of a spin-polarized current in colossal-and giant-magnetoresistive materials. Phys. Rev. B , 321 3--3216. Bazaliy, Y., Jones, B., and Zhang, S. 1998. Modification of the Landau-Lifshitz equation in the presence of a spin-polarized current in colossal-and giant-magnetoresistive materials. Phys. Rev. B, 3213--3216.","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNE.2005.1419535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"CACTI. http:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/research\/cacti\/. CACTI. http:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/research\/cacti\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). 1109--1112","author":"Chen Y.","unstructured":"Chen , Y. , Wang , X. , Zhu , W. , Li , H. , Sun , Z. , Sun , G. , and Xie , Y . 2010. Access scheme of multi-level cell spin-transfer torque random access memory and its optimization . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). 1109--1112 . Chen, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, W., Li, H., Sun, Z., Sun, G., and Xie, Y. 2010. Access scheme of multi-level cell spin-transfer torque random access memory and its optimization. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). 1109--1112."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, 73--78","author":"Chen Y.","unstructured":"Chen , Y. , Wong , W. , Li , H. , and Koh , C . 2011. Processor caches built using multi-level spin-transfer torque RAM cells . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, 73--78 . Chen, Y., Wong, W., Li, H., and Koh, C. 2011. Processor caches built using multi-level spin-transfer torque RAM cells. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, 73--78."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume":"50","author":"Chua L.","unstructured":"Chua , L. 2002. Memristor -the missing circuit element. IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory , 50 7--519. Chua, L. 2002. Memristor-the missing circuit element. IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory, 507--519.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume":"16","author":"Diao Z.","unstructured":"Diao , Z. , Li , Z. , Wang , S. , Ding , Y. , Panchula , A. , Chen , E. , Wang , L. , and Huai , Y. 2007. Spin -transfer torque switching in magnetic tunnel junctions and spin-transfer torque random access memory. J. Phys. , 16 5--209. Diao, Z., Li, Z., Wang, S., Ding, Y., Panchula, A., Chen, E., Wang, L., and Huai, Y. 2007. Spin-transfer torque switching in magnetic tunnel junctions and spin-transfer torque random access memory. J. Phys., 165--209.","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1391469.1391610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume":"48","author":"Furht B.","unstructured":"Furht , B. and Perez , A. 1988. An adaptive real-time ecg compression algorithm with variable threshold. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 48 9--494. Furht, B. and Perez, A. 1988. An adaptive real-time ecg compression algorithm with variable threshold. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 489--494.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIT.2004.1345371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1687399.1687491"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu M. Li H. Chen Y. Wang X. and Pino R. 2011. Geometry variations analysis of TiO2 thin-film and spintronic memristors. Asia S. Pac. Des. Automat. 25--30. Hu M. Li H. Chen Y. Wang X. and Pino R. 2011. Geometry variations analysis of TiO2 thin-film and spintronic memristors. Asia S. Pac. Des. Automat. 25--30.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2011.5722193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"International technology roadmap for semiconductors","unstructured":"ITRS. 2009. International technology roadmap for semiconductors . IEEE Int. Comput.-Aided Design . ITRS. 2009. International technology roadmap for semiconductors. IEEE Int. Comput.-Aided Design."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and Their Applications. 1--6.","author":"Kim H.","unstructured":"Kim , H. , Sah , M. , Yang , C. , and Chua , L . 2010. Memristor-based multilevel memory . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and Their Applications. 1--6. Kim, H., Sah, M., Yang, C., and Chua, L. 2010. Memristor-based multilevel memory. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and Their Applications. 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koyrakh L. 2008. Data compression for implantable medical devices. Comput. Cardiol. 417--420. Koyrakh L. 2008. Data compression for implantable medical devices. Comput. Cardiol. 417--420.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2008.4749067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume":"02441","author":"Li Z.","unstructured":"Li , Z. and Zhang , S. 2004. Domain -wall dynamics driven by adiabatic spin-transfer torques. Phys. Rev. B , 02441 7. Li, Z. and Zhang, S. 2004. Domain-wall dynamics driven by adiabatic spin-transfer torques. Phys. Rev. B, 024417.","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume":"24","author":"Lou X.","unstructured":"Lou , X. , Gao , Z. , Dimitrov , D. , and Tang , M. 2008. Demonstration of multilevel cell spin transfer switching in MgO magnetic tunnel junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 24 2--502. Lou, X., Gao, Z., Dimitrov, D., and Tang, M. 2008. Demonstration of multilevel cell spin transfer switching in MgO magnetic tunnel junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 242--502.","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume":"14","author":"Mazreah A.","unstructured":"Mazreah , A. , Shalmani , M. , Barati , H. , and Barati , A. 2008. A novel four-transistor SRAM cell with low dynamic power consumption. Int. J. Elect. Circ. Syst. 14 4--148. Mazreah, A., Shalmani, M., Barati, H., and Barati, A. 2008. A novel four-transistor SRAM cell with low dynamic power consumption. Int. J. Elect. Circ. Syst. 144--148.","journal-title":"Int. J. Elect. Circ. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology. 22--23","author":"Motoyoshi M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Motoyoshi , M. , Yamamura , L. , Ohtsuka , W. , Shouji , M. , Yamagishi , H. , Nakaniura , M. , Yamada , H. , Tai , K. , Kikulani , T. , Sagara , T. , 2004 . A study for 0.18 um high-density MRAM . In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology. 22--23 . Motoyoshi, M., Yamamura, L., Ohtsuka, W., Shouji, M., Yamagishi, H., Nakaniura, M., Yamada, H., Tai, K., Kikulani, T., Sagara, T., et al. 2004. A study for 0.18 um high-density MRAM. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology. 22--23."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1840845.1840851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Porela P. and Helenius H. 1998. Automated ECG injury scores in the prediction of the myocardial infarction (AMI) size. Comput. Cardiol. Porela P. and Helenius H. 1998. Automated ECG injury scores in the prediction of the myocardial infarction (AMI) size. Comput. Cardiol ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"PTM. http:\/\/ptm.asu.edu\/. PTM. http:\/\/ptm.asu.edu\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riistama J. Vaisanen J. Heinisuo S. Lekkala J. and Kaihilahti J. 2007. Evaluation of an implantable ECG monitoring device in vitro and in vivo. IEEE Int. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 5703--5706. Riistama J. Vaisanen J. Heinisuo S. Lekkala J. and Kaihilahti J. 2007. Evaluation of an implantable ECG monitoring device in vitro and in vivo. IEEE Int. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 5703--5706.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353641"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture.","author":"Smullen C.","unstructured":"Smullen , C. , Mohan , V. , Nigam , A. , Gurumurthi , S. , and Stan , M . 2011. Relaxing non-volatility for fast and energy-efficient STT-RAM caches . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture. Smullen, C., Mohan, V., Nigam, A., Gurumurthi, S., and Stan, M. 2011. Relaxing non-volatility for fast and energy-efficient STT-RAM caches. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strukov D. Snider G. Stewart D. and Williams R. 2008. The missing memristor found. Nature 80--83. Strukov D. Snider G. Stewart D. and Williams R. 2008. The missing memristor found. Nature 80--83.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Stentenna: A micromachined antenna stent for wireless monitoring of implantable microsensors","author":"Takahata K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takahata , K. , DeHennis , A. , Wise , K. , and Gianchandani , Y . 2003 . Stentenna: A micromachined antenna stent for wireless monitoring of implantable microsensors . IEEE Int. Eng. Med. Biol ., 3360--3363. Takahata, K., DeHennis, A., Wise, K., and Gianchandani, Y. 2003. Stentenna: A micromachined antenna stent for wireless monitoring of implantable microsensors. IEEE Int. Eng. Med. Biol., 3360--3363."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume":"29","author":"Wang X.","unstructured":"Wang , X. , Chen , Y. , Xi , H. , Li , H. , and Dimitrov , D. 2009. Spintronic memristor through spin-torque-induced magnetization motion. IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. , 29 4--297. Wang, X., Chen, Y., Xi, H., Li, H., and Dimitrov, D. 2009. Spintronic memristor through spin-torque-induced magnetization motion. IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., 294--297.","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Dev. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume":"2","author":"Wang X.","unstructured":"Wang , X. , Chen , Y. , Gu , Y. , and Li , H. 2010. Spintronic memristor temperature sensor. IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. , 2 0--22. Wang, X., Chen, Y., Gu, Y., and Li, H. 2010. Spintronic memristor temperature sensor. IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., 20--22.","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Dev. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong L. Hossain S. Ta A. Weaver L. Shaquer G. Walker A. Edvinsson J. Rivas D. Naas H. Fawzi A. Uhrenius A. Lindberg J. Johansson J. and Arvidsson P. 2004. A very low power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications. IEEE Int. Solid-State Circ. 318--530. Wong L. Hossain S. Ta A. Weaver L. Shaquer G. Walker A. Edvinsson J. Rivas D. Naas H. Fawzi A. Uhrenius A. Lindberg J. Johansson J. and Arvidsson P. 2004. A very low power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications. IEEE Int. Solid-State Circ. 318--530.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2004.837027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Future advances in mobile integration of implanted devices for cardiac care","author":"Yang G.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Yang , G. 2000. Future advances in mobile integration of implanted devices for cardiac care . IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc ., 1946 --1949. Yang, G. 2000. Future advances in mobile integration of implanted devices for cardiac care. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 1946--1949."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang S. and Li Z. 2004. Roles of nonequilibrium conduction electrons on the magnetization dynamics of ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127--204. Zhang S. and Li Z. 2004. Roles of nonequilibrium conduction electrons on the magnetization dynamics of ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127--204.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.127204"}],"container-title":["ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2180878.2180885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2180878.2180885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:54:22Z","timestamp":1750240462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2180878.2180885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2180878.2180885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2180878.2180885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4832","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}